1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,300 RTAN-HANSEN: A HABITAT IS MADE 2 00:00:07,334 --> 00:00:08,534 UP OF FOUR THINGS THAT ALL 3 00:00:08,534 --> 00:00:09,634 ANIMALS NEED: FOOD, WATER, 4 00:00:09,634 --> 00:00:13,634 SHELTER, AND SPACE. 5 00:00:13,634 --> 00:00:17,701 (BAH BAH) 6 00:00:17,701 --> 00:00:18,701 WHEN AN ANIMAL 7 00:00:18,701 --> 00:00:19,868 LIVES IN A PLACE THAT HAS THE 8 00:00:19,868 --> 00:00:21,100 RIGHT AMOUNT OF ALL THESE 9 00:00:21,100 --> 00:00:22,300 THINGS, THEN IT'S LIVING IN A 10 00:00:22,300 --> 00:00:23,968 HEALTHY HABITAT. 11 00:00:23,968 --> 00:00:26,501 LET'S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK. 12 00:00:26,501 --> 00:00:32,968 FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, AND SPACE. 13 00:00:32,968 --> 00:00:34,300 THE FIRST THREE ARE PRETTY EASY 14 00:00:34,300 --> 00:00:37,534 TO UNDERSTAND, RIGHT? 15 00:00:37,534 --> 00:00:42,434 YOU HAVE TO EAT, DRINK, AND HAVE 16 00:00:42,434 --> 00:00:44,901 A PLACE TO STAY. 17 00:00:44,901 --> 00:00:46,434 BUT WHAT ABOUT SPACE? 18 00:00:46,434 --> 00:00:49,434 DO YOU NEED SPACE? 19 00:00:49,434 --> 00:00:50,801 WE ALL NEED SPACE, ALTHOUGH SOME 20 00:00:50,801 --> 00:00:53,467 OF US REQUIRE MORE THAN OTHERS. 21 00:00:56,100 --> 00:00:57,167 A SPIDER WOULD ONLY NEED A SMALL 22 00:00:57,167 --> 00:00:58,501 AREA TO BUILD A WEB, MAYBE IN 23 00:00:58,501 --> 00:01:00,133 YOUR BACKYARD. 24 00:01:00,133 --> 00:01:04,400 BUT WHAT ABOUT A COUGAR? 25 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:05,601 IT REQUIRES A LOT MORE SPACE 26 00:01:05,601 --> 00:01:07,133 THAN A SPIDER, EVEN AS MUCH AS 27 00:01:07,133 --> 00:01:11,234 120 SQUARE MILES. 28 00:01:15,067 --> 00:01:17,234 THIS DESERT HAS A LOT OF SPACE 29 00:01:17,234 --> 00:01:19,834 BUT VERY LITTLE WATER. 30 00:01:19,834 --> 00:01:21,167 IN FACT, FOR AN AREA TO BE 31 00:01:21,167 --> 00:01:22,501 CONSIDERED A DESERT, IT MUST 32 00:01:22,501 --> 00:01:23,767 HAVE LESS THAN 10 INCHES OF 33 00:01:23,767 --> 00:01:25,734 MOISTURE A YEAR. 34 00:01:25,734 --> 00:01:27,033 THIS AFFECTS THE KINDS OF PLANTS 35 00:01:27,033 --> 00:01:28,234 THAT CAN GROW HERE, WHICH, IN 36 00:01:28,234 --> 00:01:29,434 TURN, AFFECTS THE TYPES OF 37 00:01:29,434 --> 00:01:31,033 ANIMALS THAT CAN ADAPT TO LIVING 38 00:01:31,033 --> 00:01:33,834 IN A DESERT. 39 00:01:33,834 --> 00:01:35,033 PLANTS THAT HAVE ADAPTED TO 40 00:01:35,033 --> 00:01:36,234 DESERT LIFE BY ALTERING THEIR 41 00:01:36,234 --> 00:01:37,667 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE ARE CALLED 42 00:01:37,667 --> 00:01:39,334 "XEROPHYTES." 43 00:01:39,334 --> 00:01:41,133 THEY USUALLY HAVE A SPECIAL WAY 44 00:01:41,133 --> 00:01:42,434 OF STORING WATER, LIKE THIS 45 00:01:42,434 --> 00:01:43,634 CACTUS THAT COLLECTS WATER IN 46 00:01:43,634 --> 00:01:45,400 ITS FAT STEM. 47 00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:46,601 SOME OTHER DESERT SHRUBS HAVE 48 00:01:46,601 --> 00:01:47,968 ALSO ADAPTED BY REDUCING THE 49 00:01:47,968 --> 00:01:49,234 SIZE OF THEIR LEAVES TO 50 00:01:49,234 --> 00:01:51,133 ELIMINATE TRANSPIRATION, WHICH 51 00:01:51,133 --> 00:01:52,400 MEANS THE LOSS OF WATER TO THE 52 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:53,934 AIR. 53 00:01:53,934 --> 00:01:55,100 DESERT WILDLIFE HAS ALSO 54 00:01:55,100 --> 00:01:56,334 ADAPTED. 55 00:01:56,334 --> 00:01:57,467 MANY ANIMALS AVOID THE HEAT OF 56 00:01:57,467 --> 00:01:58,801 MIDDAY AND ONLY BECOME ACTIVE AT 57 00:01:58,801 --> 00:02:01,434 DUSK AND DAWN. 58 00:02:01,434 --> 00:02:02,601 THESE ANIMALS ARE SAID TO BE 59 00:02:02,601 --> 00:02:03,901 CREPUSCULAR. 60 00:02:03,901 --> 00:02:05,234 A GOOD EXAMPLE OF A CREPUSCULAR 61 00:02:05,234 --> 00:02:07,334 REPTILE IS THE RATTLESNAKE. 62 00:02:07,334 --> 00:02:10,467 (RATTLE) 63 00:02:10,467 --> 00:02:11,467 SOME DESERT ANIMALS, 64 00:02:11,467 --> 00:02:13,400 LIKE THIS BAT YIKES GO ONE STEP 65 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:14,901 FARTHER AND ONLY COME OUT IN THE 66 00:02:14,901 --> 00:02:16,767 COOL TEMPERATURES OF THE DARK 67 00:02:16,767 --> 00:02:18,300 NIGHT. 68 00:02:18,300 --> 00:02:19,334 THESE ARE CALLED "NOCTURNAL 69 00:02:19,334 --> 00:02:20,901 ANIMALS." 70 00:02:20,901 --> 00:02:22,100 OTHERS LIVE IN BURROWS BENEATH 71 00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:23,300 THE SOIL TO ESCAPE HIGH 72 00:02:23,300 --> 00:02:24,868 TEMPERATURES AT THE DESERT 73 00:02:24,868 --> 00:02:26,033 SURFACE. 74 00:02:26,033 --> 00:02:27,534 AND ABOVE IT ALL SOAR THE BIRDS 75 00:02:27,534 --> 00:02:28,901 OF PREY. 76 00:02:28,901 --> 00:02:30,334 THEY FEED ON THE SMALL MAMMALS 77 00:02:30,334 --> 00:02:31,534 WHEN THEY EMERGE FROM THE 78 00:02:31,534 --> 00:02:32,701 GROUND. 79 00:02:32,701 --> 00:02:34,033 ALL HAVE ADAPTED TO EXTREME 80 00:02:34,033 --> 00:02:35,267 TEMPERATURES AND VERY LITTLE 81 00:02:35,267 --> 00:02:36,834 WATER. 82 00:02:36,834 --> 00:02:37,901 WETLANDS, ON THE OTHER HAND, 83 00:02:37,901 --> 00:02:39,167 HAVE LOTS OF WATER FOR AT LEAST 84 00:02:39,167 --> 00:02:40,767 PART OF THE YEAR. 85 00:02:40,767 --> 00:02:42,033 WATER DRIVES THE OTHER TWO 86 00:02:42,033 --> 00:02:43,934 THINGS THAT DEFINE A WETLAND, 87 00:02:43,934 --> 00:02:45,100 HYDROPHYTES AND HYDRIC SOIL. 88 00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:48,801 HYDRO MEANS "WATER," "PHYTES" IS 89 00:02:48,801 --> 00:02:50,534 THE WORD FOR PLANTS. 90 00:02:50,534 --> 00:02:52,033 HYDROPHYTES, LIKE THIS CATTAIL, 91 00:02:52,033 --> 00:02:53,601 ARE PLANTS THAT HAVE ADAPTED TO 92 00:02:53,601 --> 00:02:55,334 WET CONDITIONS. 93 00:02:55,334 --> 00:02:56,667 THESE DON'T SUFFOCATE OR ROT IN 94 00:02:56,667 --> 00:02:59,767 WATERSOAKED OR HYDRIC SOIL. 95 00:02:59,767 --> 00:03:01,000 THAT SOIL IS COMPOSED OF ORGANIC 96 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:02,634 MATERIALS, PLANTS THAT HAVE DIED 97 00:03:02,634 --> 00:03:03,868 AND BUILT UP WITHOUT BREAKING 98 00:03:03,868 --> 00:03:05,601 DOWN LIKE THEY DO IN DRIER 99 00:03:05,601 --> 00:03:07,334 SOILS. 100 00:03:07,334 --> 00:03:08,467 THESE SOILS WORK LIKE GIANT 101 00:03:08,467 --> 00:03:09,901 SPONGES, ABSORBING WATER DURING 102 00:03:09,901 --> 00:03:12,000 FLOODS. 103 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:13,968 THE PLANTS IMPROVE WATER QUALITY 104 00:03:13,968 --> 00:03:15,167 BY TRAPPING POLLUTANTS AND 105 00:03:15,167 --> 00:03:16,501 SOAKING UP NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL 106 00:03:16,501 --> 00:03:19,000 WASTES AND FARM FERTILIZER. 107 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:20,901 WETLANDS PROVIDE FOOD, WATER, 108 00:03:20,901 --> 00:03:23,000 SHELTER, AND SPACE FOR BIRDS 109 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:24,701 LIKE DUCKS AND SHORE BIRDS. 110 00:03:24,701 --> 00:03:25,901 THEY'RE ALSO IMPORTANT STOPOVER 111 00:03:25,901 --> 00:03:27,300 PLACES FOR MIGRATING BIRDS, LIKE 112 00:03:27,300 --> 00:03:29,501 THESE SNOW GEESE, STOPPING IN 113 00:03:29,501 --> 00:03:30,734 IDAHO ON THEIR WAY TO NESTING 114 00:03:30,734 --> 00:03:33,300 GROUNDS FARTHER NORTH. 115 00:03:35,100 --> 00:03:37,033 REMEMBER OUR DESERT HABITAT? 116 00:03:37,033 --> 00:03:38,434 SOME OF THE LESS OBVIOUS 117 00:03:38,434 --> 00:03:40,334 WETLANDS ARE PLACES LIKE THIS, 118 00:03:40,334 --> 00:03:41,834 THE THIN, GREEN LINES THAT WIND 119 00:03:41,834 --> 00:03:44,133 THROUGH THE DESERTS. 120 00:03:44,133 --> 00:03:45,367 THIS NARROW STRIP OF RELATIVELY 121 00:03:45,367 --> 00:03:47,000 LUSH VEGETATION IS THE LIFEBLOOD 122 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:50,234 OF IDAHO'S DESERT WILDLIFE. 123 00:03:50,234 --> 00:03:51,701 BIGHORN SHEEP, FROGS, ANTELOPES, 124 00:03:51,701 --> 00:03:53,033 SONG BIRDS, AND OTHER SPECIES 125 00:03:53,033 --> 00:03:55,200 DEPEND ON THESE CRITICAL 126 00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:57,834 WETLANDS TO SURVIVE. 127 00:03:57,834 --> 00:03:58,834 FORESTS COMBINE SOME OF THE 128 00:03:58,834 --> 00:04:00,434 CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLANDS AND 129 00:04:00,434 --> 00:04:02,033 DESERTS. 130 00:04:02,033 --> 00:04:03,567 RAINFORESTS HAVE LOTS OF WATER. 131 00:04:03,567 --> 00:04:05,300 OTHER FORESTS ARE DRY. 132 00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:06,534 HERE IN IDAHO THE FORESTS OF THE 133 00:04:06,534 --> 00:04:07,968 PANHANDLE, CALLED "BOREAL 134 00:04:07,968 --> 00:04:09,567 FORESTS," ARE VERY WET; BUT THE 135 00:04:09,567 --> 00:04:11,067 FORESTS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE 136 00:04:11,067 --> 00:04:13,033 STATE ARE DRY OR TEMPERATE 137 00:04:13,033 --> 00:04:14,968 FORESTS. 138 00:04:14,968 --> 00:04:16,267 THE TALL TREES IN A FOREST ARE 139 00:04:16,267 --> 00:04:18,734 CALLED THE "OVERSTORY." 140 00:04:18,734 --> 00:04:19,934 THE WIND SPREADS THEIR SEEDS AND 141 00:04:19,934 --> 00:04:21,434 POLLEN. 142 00:04:21,434 --> 00:04:22,701 THE UNDERSTORY, THE SHRUBS AND 143 00:04:22,701 --> 00:04:24,567 GRASSES BENEATH THE TALL TREES, 144 00:04:24,567 --> 00:04:26,667 ARE DESIGNED TO GROW IN SHADE. 145 00:04:26,667 --> 00:04:27,801 THERE'S USUALLY LESS WIND IN THE 146 00:04:27,801 --> 00:04:28,968 UNDERSTORY, SO THESE PLANTS HAVE 147 00:04:28,968 --> 00:04:30,534 ADAPTED BY USING ANIMALS TO 148 00:04:30,534 --> 00:04:33,601 DISPERSE THEIR SEEDS. 149 00:04:33,601 --> 00:04:36,868 (RAINFALL) 150 00:04:36,868 --> 00:04:38,067 IN A TEMPERATE FOREST 151 00:04:38,067 --> 00:04:39,501 PRECIPITATION MAY FALL 152 00:04:39,501 --> 00:04:41,067 THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 153 00:04:41,067 --> 00:04:42,434 (WIND) 154 00:04:42,434 --> 00:04:43,734 HOWEVER, DURING THE 155 00:04:43,734 --> 00:04:45,167 WINTER MOISTURE IS LESS 156 00:04:45,167 --> 00:04:46,901 AVAILABLE BECAUSE IT'S FROZEN. 157 00:04:46,901 --> 00:04:48,400 ANIMALS THAT LIVE IN THIS TYPE 158 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:49,734 OF FOREST MUST BE ABLE TO 159 00:04:49,734 --> 00:04:51,133 TOLERATE HOT SUMMERS, ADJUST TO 160 00:04:51,133 --> 00:04:53,133 COLD WINTERS BY EITHER 161 00:04:53,133 --> 00:04:54,534 HIBERNATING, MIGRATING, OR 162 00:04:54,534 --> 00:04:56,601 KEEPING ACTIVE. 163 00:04:56,601 --> 00:04:57,701 HIBERNATION GETS BLACK BEARS 164 00:04:57,701 --> 00:04:59,434 THROUGH THE WINTER. 165 00:04:59,434 --> 00:05:00,601 THEY FATTEN UP DURING THE WARM 166 00:05:00,601 --> 00:05:02,100 MONTHS ON INSECTS AND BERRIES, 167 00:05:02,100 --> 00:05:03,300 THEN HIBERNATE WHEN FOOD IS 168 00:05:03,300 --> 00:05:05,300 SCARCE. 169 00:05:05,300 --> 00:05:06,734 WHEN GRASSES AND SHRUBS BECOME 170 00:05:06,734 --> 00:05:08,467 BURIED IN SNOW MANY ANIMALS, 171 00:05:08,467 --> 00:05:09,801 LIKE DEER AND ELK, MIGRATE FROM 172 00:05:09,801 --> 00:05:12,634 MOUNTAINS TO LOWER ELEVATIONS 173 00:05:12,634 --> 00:05:15,167 WHERE FOOD IS MORE AVAILABLE. 174 00:05:15,167 --> 00:05:16,334 IF A FOREST ANIMAL DOES NOT 175 00:05:16,334 --> 00:05:18,133 HIBERNATE OR MIGRATE, IT MUST 176 00:05:18,133 --> 00:05:21,467 STAY ACTIVE TO SURVIVE THE COLD. 177 00:05:21,467 --> 00:05:22,701 THIS WOLVERINE REMAINS IN THE 178 00:05:22,701 --> 00:05:23,834 HIGH COUNTRY BUT SPENDS THE 179 00:05:23,834 --> 00:05:25,868 WINTER FEEDING ON DEAD ANIMALS, 180 00:05:25,868 --> 00:05:27,067 OFTEN THE DEER AND ELK THAT 181 00:05:27,067 --> 00:05:30,100 DON'T SURVIVE THE HARSH WEATHER. 182 00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:31,634 IN BOREAL FORESTS, THE SUMMERS 183 00:05:31,634 --> 00:05:33,934 ARE WET AND COOL. 184 00:05:33,934 --> 00:05:35,834 DEAD PLANTS DECOMPOSE SLOWLY, 185 00:05:35,834 --> 00:05:37,033 CREATING THE SAME HYDRIC SOILS 186 00:05:37,033 --> 00:05:39,501 THAT ARE FOUND IN WETLANDS. 187 00:05:39,501 --> 00:05:40,901 ANIMALS, LIKE THIS MOOSE, HAVE 188 00:05:40,901 --> 00:05:42,367 ADAPTED TO THIS WET, COOL 189 00:05:42,367 --> 00:05:43,734 CLIMATE. 190 00:05:43,734 --> 00:05:45,000 IN THE SUMMER MOOSE CAN BE FOUND 191 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:46,200 FEEDING ON THE AQUATIC 192 00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:47,667 VEGETATION IN PONDS AND MARSHES 193 00:05:47,667 --> 00:05:49,501 TUCKED INTO THE FORESTS. 194 00:05:49,501 --> 00:05:50,634 DURING THE COLD, WET WINTERS 195 00:05:50,634 --> 00:05:53,501 THEY EAT WILLOWS AND SHRUBS. 196 00:05:53,501 --> 00:05:54,701 THEIR LONG LEGS MAKE IT POSSIBLE 197 00:05:54,701 --> 00:05:56,100 FOR MOOSE TO REACH THE TALL 198 00:05:56,100 --> 00:05:57,567 BRANCHES, AND THEIR BLACK COAT 199 00:05:57,567 --> 00:05:59,534 ABSORBS THE WARMING RAYS OF THE 200 00:05:59,534 --> 00:06:01,567 SUN. 201 00:06:01,567 --> 00:06:03,334 SO WHAT IS A GRASSLAND? 202 00:06:03,334 --> 00:06:05,167 LIKE A FOREST, GRASSLANDS CAN BE 203 00:06:05,167 --> 00:06:06,901 EITHER WET OR DRY. 204 00:06:06,901 --> 00:06:09,000 IN IDAHO OUR GRASSLANDS ARE IN 205 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:11,234 THE NORTH, NEAR MOSCOW. 206 00:06:11,234 --> 00:06:12,534 THIS AREA IS CALLED THE 207 00:06:12,534 --> 00:06:13,767 "PALOUSE." 208 00:06:13,767 --> 00:06:15,033 IT'S ONE OF THE MOST ENDANGERED 209 00:06:15,033 --> 00:06:16,734 ECOSYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES; 210 00:06:16,734 --> 00:06:18,968 ONLY 1 PERCENT REMAINS. 211 00:06:18,968 --> 00:06:20,167 THIS AREA IS RICH IN VOLCANIC 212 00:06:20,167 --> 00:06:22,901 SOILS, WHICH MAKE GOOD FARMLAND. 213 00:06:22,901 --> 00:06:24,300 SO WHEN WHITE SETTLERS ARRIVED, 214 00:06:24,300 --> 00:06:25,701 THE NATIVE PLANTS WERE PLOWED UP 215 00:06:25,701 --> 00:06:28,100 TO SOW WHEAT. 216 00:06:28,100 --> 00:06:29,367 SUMMERS AND WINTERS ARE MILD IN 217 00:06:29,367 --> 00:06:30,701 OUR GRASSLANDS. 218 00:06:30,701 --> 00:06:31,968 THE RAINFALL IS EVENLY 219 00:06:31,968 --> 00:06:33,100 DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 220 00:06:33,100 --> 00:06:34,934 THAT MEANS IT'S JUST AS WET IN 221 00:06:34,934 --> 00:06:37,801 THE SUMMER AS THE WINTER. 222 00:06:37,801 --> 00:06:38,968 BECAUSE OF THAT, THE PLANTS 223 00:06:38,968 --> 00:06:40,501 DON'T NEED THE LONG TAPROOTS 224 00:06:40,501 --> 00:06:42,033 DESERT PLANTS NEED TO REACH 225 00:06:42,033 --> 00:06:44,267 WATER. 226 00:06:44,267 --> 00:06:46,133 AND WHAT ARE GRASSLAND PLANTS? 227 00:06:46,133 --> 00:06:47,634 GRASSES, OF COURSE, PLUS SPECIAL 228 00:06:47,634 --> 00:06:50,000 WILD FLOWERS LIKE CAMAS. 229 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:51,701 GRASSLANDS CAN BE BLUSTERY 230 00:06:51,701 --> 00:06:52,968 PLACES BECAUSE THERE ARE NOT 231 00:06:52,968 --> 00:06:55,601 MANY TREES TO SLOW THE WIND. 232 00:06:55,601 --> 00:06:56,934 THE LONG, NARROW LEAVES OF THE 233 00:06:56,934 --> 00:06:58,501 GRASSES HELPS REDUCE EVAPORATION 234 00:06:58,501 --> 00:07:01,133 BY THE WIND. 235 00:07:01,133 --> 00:07:02,534 WILDLIFE THAT LIVES IN 236 00:07:02,534 --> 00:07:04,100 GRASSLANDS OFTEN SEEKS SHELTER 237 00:07:04,100 --> 00:07:05,300 IN THE GROUND. 238 00:07:05,300 --> 00:07:06,901 NO TREES, RIGHT? 239 00:07:06,901 --> 00:07:08,200 ANIMALS LIKE POCKET GOPHERS, 240 00:07:08,200 --> 00:07:09,734 SKUNKS, AND RED FOXES ARE 241 00:07:09,734 --> 00:07:10,934 ADAPTED TO BURROW INTO THE 242 00:07:10,934 --> 00:07:12,701 GROUND. 243 00:07:12,701 --> 00:07:14,133 SO IF YOU WERE A WILD ANIMAL, 244 00:07:14,133 --> 00:07:15,667 WHERE WOULD YOU LIVE? 245 00:07:15,667 --> 00:07:16,701 IN A FOREST? 246 00:07:16,701 --> 00:07:17,801 A WETLAND? 247 00:07:17,801 --> 00:07:18,901 DESERT? 248 00:07:18,901 --> 00:07:21,467 OR GRASSLAND?