1 00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:02,534 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 2 00:00:02,534 --> 00:00:03,801 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 3 00:00:03,801 --> 00:00:05,067 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 4 00:00:05,067 --> 00:00:06,534 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 5 00:00:06,534 --> 00:00:08,000 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 6 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:09,234 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 7 00:00:09,234 --> 00:00:10,467 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 8 00:00:10,467 --> 00:00:12,000 FAMILIES LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 9 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,334 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO. 10 00:00:14,334 --> 00:00:15,501 BY THE FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 11 00:00:15,501 --> 00:00:17,000 TELEVISION AND BY THE 12 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:18,067 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 13 00:00:18,067 --> 00:00:19,801 BROADCASTING. 14 00:00:21,367 --> 00:00:22,267 JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN: HOW DO WE 15 00:00:22,267 --> 00:00:23,467 INTERACT WITH THE WORLD? 16 00:00:23,467 --> 00:00:24,667 W E USE OUR FIVE SENSES, SEEING, 17 00:00:24,667 --> 00:00:25,968 HEARING, SMELLING, TASTING, AND 18 00:00:25,968 --> 00:00:29,267 TOUCHING. 19 00:00:29,267 --> 00:00:30,400 BUT HOW DO THEY ALL WORK AND 20 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:32,067 WHAT DO THEY HAVE IN COMMON? 21 00:00:32,067 --> 00:00:32,934 FIND OUT. 22 00:00:32,934 --> 00:00:36,300 SCIENCE TREK IS NEXT. 23 00:00:36,934 --> 00:00:43,968 (MUSIC) 24 00:00:44,901 --> 00:00:46,000 HI, I'M JOAN CARTAN-HANSEN, AND 25 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:47,801 WELCOME TO SCIENCE TREK . 26 00:00:47,801 --> 00:00:48,868 AND WELCOME TO SAINT ALPHONSUS 27 00:00:48,868 --> 00:00:50,934 HOSPITAL HERE IN BOISE. 28 00:00:50,934 --> 00:00:52,133 DOCTORS ARE STANDING BY TO 29 00:00:52,133 --> 00:00:53,167 ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. 30 00:00:53,167 --> 00:00:54,267 AND LATER ON IN THE SHOW WE'LL 31 00:00:54,267 --> 00:00:55,400 LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT 32 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:56,667 THE BRAIN. 33 00:00:56,667 --> 00:00:57,667 BUT FIRST, LET'S LEARN MORE 34 00:00:57,667 --> 00:01:00,567 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES. 35 00:01:03,300 --> 00:01:05,968 SO WHAT ARE YOUR FIVE SENSES? 36 00:01:05,968 --> 00:01:08,067 STUDENTS: SEEING, HEARING, 37 00:01:08,067 --> 00:01:12,934 SMELLING, TASTE, AND TOUCH. 38 00:01:12,934 --> 00:01:14,067 CARTAN-HANSEN: WE ALL USE OUR 39 00:01:14,067 --> 00:01:15,501 FIVE SENSES TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 40 00:01:15,501 --> 00:01:17,434 HAPPENING AROUND US. 41 00:01:17,434 --> 00:01:18,634 FOR SOME, THAT MEANS NOT 42 00:01:18,634 --> 00:01:20,667 BECOMING SOMEBODY ELSE'S DINNER. 43 00:01:20,667 --> 00:01:22,434 SO LET'S LEARN ABOUT OUR FIVE 44 00:01:22,434 --> 00:01:25,100 SENSES. 45 00:01:25,100 --> 00:01:29,000 STUDENT: WE SEE WITH OUR EYES. 46 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:30,367 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR EYEBALL IS 47 00:01:30,367 --> 00:01:31,968 ABOUT THE SIZE OF A PINGPONG 48 00:01:31,968 --> 00:01:33,167 BALL. 49 00:01:33,167 --> 00:01:34,300 IT'S COVERED BY THE SCLERA, A 50 00:01:34,300 --> 00:01:35,534 TOUGH OUTER LAYER; THAT'S THE 51 00:01:35,534 --> 00:01:37,367 WHITE PART OF YOUR EYE. 52 00:01:37,367 --> 00:01:38,968 WHEN YOU LOOK AT SOMETHING LIGHT 53 00:01:38,968 --> 00:01:40,601 TRAVELS THROUGH THE CORNEA, THE 54 00:01:40,601 --> 00:01:42,300 FRONT PART OF YOUR EYE. 55 00:01:42,300 --> 00:01:43,601 IT GOES THROUGH THE PUPIL, 56 00:01:43,601 --> 00:01:44,701 THAT'S THE ROUND BLACK HOLE IN 57 00:01:44,701 --> 00:01:46,133 THE CENTER. 58 00:01:46,133 --> 00:01:47,501 A MUSCLE CALLED THE "IRIS," OR 59 00:01:47,501 --> 00:01:49,100 THE COLORED PART OF YOUR EYE, 60 00:01:49,100 --> 00:01:50,667 OPENS AND CLOSES THE PUPIL TO 61 00:01:50,667 --> 00:01:52,200 REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT 62 00:01:52,200 --> 00:01:53,801 COMING IN. 63 00:01:53,801 --> 00:01:55,200 LIGHT TRAVELS THROUGH THE LENS 64 00:01:55,200 --> 00:01:56,434 WHICH FOCUSES THE IMAGE ON THE 65 00:01:56,434 --> 00:01:59,801 BACK OF YOUR EYE OR THE RETINA. 66 00:01:59,801 --> 00:02:00,968 NERVE CELLS ON THE RETINA SEND 67 00:02:00,968 --> 00:02:02,434 THE IMAGE TO THE OPTIC NERVE AND 68 00:02:02,434 --> 00:02:05,868 THEN TO YOUR BRAIN. 69 00:02:05,868 --> 00:02:08,701 STUDENT: WE HEAR WITH OUR EARS. 70 00:02:08,701 --> 00:02:11,067 (HARP) 71 00:02:11,067 --> 00:02:12,300 CARTAN-HANSEN: A SOUND 72 00:02:12,300 --> 00:02:13,901 CREATES ENERGY. 73 00:02:13,901 --> 00:02:15,000 THOSE SOUND WAVES ENTER YOUR 74 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:16,567 EARS AND TRAVEL DOWN THE EAR 75 00:02:16,567 --> 00:02:19,033 CANAL TO THE EARDRUM. 76 00:02:19,033 --> 00:02:20,100 THIS THIN PIECE OF SKIN IS 77 00:02:20,100 --> 00:02:22,000 STRETCHED VERY TIGHT, AND WHEN 78 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:24,100 THE SOUND WAVES HIT IT, IT 79 00:02:24,100 --> 00:02:26,400 BEGINS TO VIBRATE. 80 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:28,133 THAT MAKES THREE TINY BONES, 81 00:02:28,133 --> 00:02:29,968 KNOWN AS THE HAMMER, ANVIL, AND 82 00:02:29,968 --> 00:02:31,367 STIRRUP, MOVE, TOO. 83 00:02:31,367 --> 00:02:32,767 THIS MOVES OR TRANSMITS THOSE 84 00:02:32,767 --> 00:02:34,567 SOUND WAVES INTO A SNAIL'S 85 00:02:34,567 --> 00:02:35,801 SHAPED STRUCTURE CALLED THE 86 00:02:35,801 --> 00:02:38,567 "COCHLEA." 87 00:02:38,567 --> 00:02:39,901 THE COCHLEA IS FILLED WITH FLUID 88 00:02:39,901 --> 00:02:41,200 AND 17,000 TINY HAIRLIKE 89 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:43,834 TISSUES. 90 00:02:43,834 --> 00:02:45,167 SOUND WAVES MOVE THROUGH THE 91 00:02:45,167 --> 00:02:48,300 FLUID AND BEND THE HAIR. 92 00:02:48,300 --> 00:02:50,100 SOMEHOW THE MOVEMENT OF THE HAIR 93 00:02:50,100 --> 00:02:51,434 STIMULATES THE FIBERS LEADING TO 94 00:02:51,434 --> 00:02:52,868 THE ACOUSTIC NERVE, AND THAT 95 00:02:52,868 --> 00:02:54,868 NERVE TAKES THE SOUND TO THE 96 00:02:54,868 --> 00:02:58,167 BRAIN. 97 00:02:58,167 --> 00:02:59,434 STUDENT: THE SENSE OF SMELL IS 98 00:02:59,434 --> 00:03:01,567 PROBABLY OUR OLDEST SENSE. 99 00:03:03,601 --> 00:03:04,667 CARTAN-HANSEN: TINY PARTICLES 100 00:03:04,667 --> 00:03:05,834 TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN WITH YOUR 101 00:03:05,834 --> 00:03:07,601 EYES FLOAT INTO YOUR NOSE WHEN 102 00:03:07,601 --> 00:03:10,067 YOU BREATHE. 103 00:03:10,067 --> 00:03:11,200 THEY DRIFT TO THE TOP END OF 104 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,200 YOUR NASAL CAVITY. 105 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:14,701 INSIDE YOUR NOSE ARE TWO SMALL 106 00:03:14,701 --> 00:03:16,334 AREAS CALLED THE "OLFACTORY 107 00:03:16,334 --> 00:03:17,901 EPITHELIUM." 108 00:03:17,901 --> 00:03:19,100 THESE ARE ABOUT THE SIZE OF YOUR 109 00:03:19,100 --> 00:03:20,901 THUMBNAIL, BUT THEY CONTAIN 110 00:03:20,901 --> 00:03:23,400 ABOUT 20 MILLION OLFACTORY CELLS 111 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,200 WITH TINY HAIRS OR CILIA. 112 00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:27,501 THOSE SCENT PARTICLES STICK TO 113 00:03:27,501 --> 00:03:28,701 THE CILIA AND TRIGGER NERVE 114 00:03:28,701 --> 00:03:30,534 CELLS. 115 00:03:30,534 --> 00:03:31,701 THOSE NERVE CELLS SEND A MESSAGE 116 00:03:31,701 --> 00:03:33,133 TO THE BRAIN WHICH IDENTIFIES 117 00:03:33,133 --> 00:03:37,133 THE SCENT. 118 00:03:37,133 --> 00:03:38,000 STUDENT: YOUR SENSE OF TASTE 119 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:40,968 BEGINS YOUR TONGUE. 120 00:03:40,968 --> 00:03:41,968 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR TONGUE IS 121 00:03:41,968 --> 00:03:43,133 COVERED WITH THOUSANDS OF TINY 122 00:03:43,133 --> 00:03:45,267 BUMPS CALLED "PAPILLA." 123 00:03:45,267 --> 00:03:46,567 INSIDE THOSE BUMPS, ON THE BACK 124 00:03:46,567 --> 00:03:48,567 PART OF THE ROOF OF YOUR MOUTH, 125 00:03:48,567 --> 00:03:49,767 AND IN THE VERY BACK OF YOUR 126 00:03:49,767 --> 00:03:53,067 THROAT ARE 10,000 TASTEBUDS. 127 00:03:53,067 --> 00:03:54,167 THE TINY CELLS HAVE LITTLE 128 00:03:54,167 --> 00:03:55,934 HAIRS. 129 00:03:55,934 --> 00:03:57,334 DISSOLVED FOOD PARTICLES SEEP 130 00:03:57,334 --> 00:03:58,534 INTO THE HAIRS, AND THE TASTE 131 00:03:58,534 --> 00:04:00,067 BUDS SENSE WHETHER THE FOOD IS 132 00:04:00,067 --> 00:04:04,167 SWEET, SOUR, BITTER, OR SALT. 133 00:04:04,167 --> 00:04:05,667 THAT INFORMATION IS SENT TO YOUR 134 00:04:05,667 --> 00:04:06,868 BRAIN, AND THEN YOU DECIDE IF 135 00:04:06,868 --> 00:04:09,567 THE FOOD IS GOOD OR BAD. 136 00:04:09,567 --> 00:04:10,634 STUDENT 1: DID YOU KNOW MOST OF 137 00:04:10,634 --> 00:04:11,901 YOUR SENSE OF TASTE COMES FROM 138 00:04:11,901 --> 00:04:13,300 YOUR SENSE OF SMELL? 139 00:04:13,300 --> 00:04:14,701 STUDENT 2: SO LET'S SHARE. 140 00:04:14,701 --> 00:04:17,734 STUDENTS TOGHER: HEY! 141 00:04:18,267 --> 00:04:19,467 STUDENT: YOUR SENSE OF TOUCH IS 142 00:04:19,467 --> 00:04:22,100 REALLY A BUNCH OF SENSE THAT 143 00:04:22,100 --> 00:04:24,501 WORK TOGETHER, AND YOU START 144 00:04:24,501 --> 00:04:28,000 WITH YOUR SKIN. 145 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:29,200 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR SKIN IS THE 146 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:31,267 LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY. 147 00:04:31,267 --> 00:04:32,601 THE LAYERS OF SKIN HAVE AT LEAST 148 00:04:32,601 --> 00:04:33,801 SEVEN DIFFERENT KINDS OF 149 00:04:33,801 --> 00:04:35,300 SENSORS. 150 00:04:35,300 --> 00:04:36,300 AND THERE ARE AS MANY AS A 151 00:04:36,300 --> 00:04:37,434 MILLION OF THESE MICROSCOPIC 152 00:04:37,434 --> 00:04:39,901 TOUCH SENSORS IN A SQUARE INCH 153 00:04:39,901 --> 00:04:41,767 OF SKIN. 154 00:04:41,767 --> 00:04:43,100 SOME OF THESE NERVES RESPOND TO 155 00:04:43,100 --> 00:04:44,667 LIGHT PRESSURE; OTHERS RESPOND 156 00:04:44,667 --> 00:04:46,033 TO HEAVY PRESSURE. 157 00:04:46,033 --> 00:04:47,234 SOME ARE ACTIVATED BY HEAT, 158 00:04:47,234 --> 00:04:49,334 COLD, OR EVEN VIBRATIONS. 159 00:04:49,334 --> 00:04:50,667 SO WHEN YOU TOUCH SOMETHING ALL 160 00:04:50,667 --> 00:04:52,334 THAT INFORMATION ACTIVATES THE 161 00:04:52,334 --> 00:04:53,634 NERVES, AND THAT INFORMATION 162 00:04:53,634 --> 00:04:56,400 GOES TO YOUR BRAIN. 163 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:57,567 YOUR BRAIN IS REALLY THE MOST 164 00:04:57,567 --> 00:04:58,634 IMPORTANT PART OF YOUR FIVE 165 00:04:58,634 --> 00:04:59,868 SENSES. 166 00:04:59,868 --> 00:05:01,067 THE BRAIN COLLECTS INFORMATION 167 00:05:01,067 --> 00:05:02,100 FROM ALL THESE DIFFERENT 168 00:05:02,100 --> 00:05:03,534 SOURCES, AND THAT'S HOW WE MAKE 169 00:05:03,534 --> 00:05:05,067 SENSE OF THE WORLD. 170 00:05:05,067 --> 00:05:05,934 YOU GUYS READY? 171 00:05:05,934 --> 00:05:07,200 LET'S EAT. 172 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:08,801 STUDENTS: YEAH! 173 00:05:09,667 --> 00:05:10,601 CARTAN-HANSEN: AND JOINING ME 174 00:05:10,601 --> 00:05:11,801 NOW TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS 175 00:05:11,801 --> 00:05:13,133 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES ARE TWO 176 00:05:13,133 --> 00:05:14,801 PEDIATRICIANS, DR. NAYA ANTINK 177 00:05:14,801 --> 00:05:17,434 AND DR. BRADLEY BISHOP. 178 00:05:18,033 --> 00:05:19,400 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US. 179 00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:20,367 DR. NAYA ANTINK: THANK YOU, 180 00:05:20,367 --> 00:05:21,467 JOAN, FOR INVITING US. 181 00:05:21,467 --> 00:05:22,534 DR. BRADLEY BISHOP: IT'S OUR 182 00:05:22,534 --> 00:05:23,901 PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 183 00:05:23,901 --> 00:05:25,267 CARTAN-HANSEN: OKAY, LET'S GO TO 184 00:05:25,267 --> 00:05:26,767 YOUR QUESTIONS. 185 00:05:26,767 --> 00:05:30,000 (MUSIC) 186 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:30,968 KARLI: HI, MY NAME IS 187 00:05:30,968 --> 00:05:32,667 KARLI. 188 00:05:32,667 --> 00:05:35,434 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 189 00:05:35,434 --> 00:05:36,701 AND MY QUESTION IS DO WE REALLY 190 00:05:36,701 --> 00:05:42,334 ONLY HAVE FIVE SENSES? 191 00:05:42,334 --> 00:05:43,367 DR. ANTINK: CARLEY, THAT'S A 192 00:05:43,367 --> 00:05:44,334 GREAT QUESTION. 193 00:05:44,334 --> 00:05:45,501 YES, WE HUMANS ONLY HAVE FIVE 194 00:05:45,501 --> 00:05:48,300 SENSES: SIGHT, SOUND, SMELL, 195 00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:50,901 TASTE, AND TOUCH. 196 00:05:50,901 --> 00:05:52,033 SOME ANIMALS HAVE MORE THAN 197 00:05:52,033 --> 00:05:54,501 FIVE, BUT THAT'S PRETTY RARE. 198 00:05:54,501 --> 00:05:56,334 JORGE: HI, MY NAME IS JORGE. 199 00:05:56,334 --> 00:05:57,400 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 200 00:05:57,400 --> 00:05:58,434 SCHOOL. 201 00:05:58,434 --> 00:05:59,601 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT SENSE DO 202 00:05:59,601 --> 00:06:02,167 WE USE THE MOST? 203 00:06:02,167 --> 00:06:03,734 DR. BISHOP: SO, JORGE, THAT 204 00:06:03,734 --> 00:06:06,634 DEPENDS ON WHAT SENSES YOU USE. 205 00:06:06,634 --> 00:06:08,200 FOR, I BELIEVE, MOST PEOPLE 206 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:09,334 VISION IS PROBABLY THE MOST USED 207 00:06:09,334 --> 00:06:14,167 SENSE, SINCE WE USE IT ALL DAY, 208 00:06:14,167 --> 00:06:16,133 AS OUR EYES ARE OPEN. 209 00:06:16,133 --> 00:06:17,634 WE DO USE OUR SENSE OF SMELL AND 210 00:06:17,634 --> 00:06:20,167 TASTE AT TIMES, AND OUR SENSE OF 211 00:06:20,167 --> 00:06:21,868 HEARING IS ALWAYS THERE, AS 212 00:06:21,868 --> 00:06:23,133 WELL. 213 00:06:23,133 --> 00:06:24,367 BUT I WOULD SAY THE ONE WE 214 00:06:24,367 --> 00:06:25,467 PROBABLY USE THE MOST AND RELY 215 00:06:25,467 --> 00:06:27,467 ON THE MOST IS OUR VISION. 216 00:06:27,467 --> 00:06:28,767 CADEN: HI, MY NAME IS CADEN. 217 00:06:28,767 --> 00:06:30,400 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 218 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:31,200 SCHOOL. 219 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:32,300 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT MAKES US 220 00:06:32,300 --> 00:06:34,300 HEAR SOUND? 221 00:06:34,300 --> 00:06:35,767 DR. ANTINK: SO THE EAR WORKS 222 00:06:35,767 --> 00:06:37,334 LIKE A CONE TO ABSORB WAVE 223 00:06:37,334 --> 00:06:40,300 LENGTHS OF SOUND. 224 00:06:40,300 --> 00:06:41,567 AND AS THE SOUND COMES INTO OUR 225 00:06:41,567 --> 00:06:43,634 EAR, IT HITS OUR EARDRUM, WHICH 226 00:06:43,634 --> 00:06:46,501 THEN CONVERTS THE SOUND WAVE 227 00:06:46,501 --> 00:06:49,000 INTO A MECHANICAL MOVEMENT THAT, 228 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:51,000 THEN, GETS TRANSMITTED INTO AN 229 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:52,467 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, THROUGH THE 230 00:06:52,467 --> 00:06:53,634 COCHLEA, THAT GETS SENT UP TO 231 00:06:53,634 --> 00:06:56,067 THE BRAIN TO OUR HEARING SECTION 232 00:06:56,067 --> 00:06:57,200 OF THE BRAIN, AND THEN WE HEAR 233 00:06:57,200 --> 00:06:59,868 THE SOUND. 234 00:06:59,868 --> 00:07:02,100 RHONE: HI, MY NAME'S RHONE. 235 00:07:02,100 --> 00:07:03,434 I GO TO JEFFERSON. 236 00:07:03,434 --> 00:07:05,234 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO 237 00:07:05,234 --> 00:07:08,000 TASTEBUDS WORK? 238 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:09,200 DR. BISHOP: SO TASTEBUDS ARE 239 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:10,467 VERY SPECIFIC CELLS WITHIN YOUR 240 00:07:10,467 --> 00:07:11,901 TONGUE THAT HELP YOU SENSE 241 00:07:11,901 --> 00:07:14,467 FLAVOR. 242 00:07:14,467 --> 00:07:15,701 WHEN YOU EAT SOMETHING THAT'S 243 00:07:15,701 --> 00:07:17,234 SWEET, LIKE SUGAR, IT ACTUALLY 244 00:07:17,234 --> 00:07:18,767 HAS A RECEPTOR ON THERE THAT CAN 245 00:07:18,767 --> 00:07:21,334 SIGNAL THAT YOU ARE TASTING THAT 246 00:07:21,334 --> 00:07:23,601 SWEET SUBSTANCE. 247 00:07:23,601 --> 00:07:25,200 IT SENDS THAT SIGNAL TO THE 248 00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:26,701 BRAIN. 249 00:07:26,701 --> 00:07:27,901 THE TASTEBUDS WITHIN YOUR TONGUE 250 00:07:27,901 --> 00:07:29,868 CAN SENSE FOUR DIFFERENT THINGS. 251 00:07:29,868 --> 00:07:31,801 THEY CAN SENSE SWEETNESS, SOUR, 252 00:07:31,801 --> 00:07:36,801 BITTER, AND SALTY. 253 00:07:36,801 --> 00:07:37,934 ROSE: HI, MY NAME IS ROSE. 254 00:07:37,934 --> 00:07:39,267 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 255 00:07:39,267 --> 00:07:40,200 SCHOOL. 256 00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:41,234 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT IS THE 257 00:07:41,234 --> 00:07:42,634 FIRST OF THE FIVE SENSES THAT 258 00:07:42,634 --> 00:07:46,000 DEVELOPS IN AN UNBORN BABY? 259 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:47,267 DR. ANTINK: WOW, THAT IS A VERY 260 00:07:47,267 --> 00:07:49,901 COMPLICATED QUESTION. 261 00:07:49,901 --> 00:07:52,334 MY THOUGHT WOULD BE THAT SOUND 262 00:07:52,334 --> 00:07:55,667 MIGHT BE THE FIRST SENSE THAT 263 00:07:55,667 --> 00:07:57,667 DEVELOPS, BECAUSE STUDIES HAVE 264 00:07:57,667 --> 00:08:00,100 SHOWN THAT WHEN BABIES ARE BORN, 265 00:08:00,100 --> 00:08:02,200 EVEN ON THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE, 266 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:03,968 THEY WILL HAVE SPECIFIC SIGNALS 267 00:08:03,968 --> 00:08:05,834 IN THEIR BRAIN THAT GET 268 00:08:05,834 --> 00:08:07,234 TRIGGERED WHEN THEIR MOM SPEAKS 269 00:08:07,234 --> 00:08:08,367 TO THEM. 270 00:08:08,367 --> 00:08:09,801 MOST MOMS, WHEN THEY'RE PREGNANT 271 00:08:09,801 --> 00:08:11,133 ARE TALKING TO THEIR UNBORN 272 00:08:11,133 --> 00:08:12,300 BABIES IN THEIR TUMMY, AND SO 273 00:08:12,300 --> 00:08:14,100 THEY HEAR THOSE SOUNDS EVEN 274 00:08:14,100 --> 00:08:15,968 DURING DEVELOPMENT IN MOM'S 275 00:08:15,968 --> 00:08:17,501 TUMMY. 276 00:08:17,501 --> 00:08:19,367 HYFA: HI, MY NAME IS HYFA. 277 00:08:19,367 --> 00:08:22,868 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 278 00:08:22,868 --> 00:08:26,167 HOW DO YOUR FINGERS FEEL? 279 00:08:26,167 --> 00:08:27,234 DR. BISHOP: SO WITHIN YOUR 280 00:08:27,234 --> 00:08:28,834 FINGERS YOU HAVE CERTAIN CELLS 281 00:08:28,834 --> 00:08:31,167 THAT ARE SENSORY CELLS THAT CAN 282 00:08:31,167 --> 00:08:33,634 HELP YOU FEEL TOUCH. 283 00:08:33,634 --> 00:08:34,868 DEPENDING ON HOW CLOSE THESE 284 00:08:34,868 --> 00:08:36,734 CELLS ARE TOGETHER HELPS YOU 285 00:08:36,734 --> 00:08:38,033 DETERMINE WHETHER THERE'S ANY 286 00:08:38,033 --> 00:08:40,367 TEXTURE TO WHAT YOU'RE FEELING. 287 00:08:40,367 --> 00:08:42,033 IF YOU'LL NOTICE THAT IT'S 288 00:08:42,033 --> 00:08:43,267 EASIER TO FEEL SOMETHING WITH 289 00:08:43,267 --> 00:08:44,567 YOUR FINGERS THAN IT IS TO FEEL 290 00:08:44,567 --> 00:08:45,801 SOMETHING WITH THE BACK OF YOUR 291 00:08:45,801 --> 00:08:47,000 HAND, AS FAR AS WHETHER THERE'S 292 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:48,734 TEXTURE OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT. 293 00:08:48,734 --> 00:08:49,934 BUT THESE LITTLE CELLS ARE ABLE 294 00:08:49,934 --> 00:08:51,934 TO SENSE AS YOU TOUCH SOMETHING 295 00:08:51,934 --> 00:08:53,300 IS ABLE TO SENSE THAT PRESSURE 296 00:08:53,300 --> 00:08:54,667 AS YOU TOUCH AND THEN SENDS THE 297 00:08:54,667 --> 00:08:56,033 SIGNALS TO YOUR BRAIN AND LET'S 298 00:08:56,033 --> 00:08:57,200 YOU KNOW THAT YOU ARE TOUCHING 299 00:08:57,200 --> 00:08:59,400 SOMETHING. 300 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:00,634 GEORGIA: HI, MY NAME IS GEORGIA. 301 00:09:00,634 --> 00:09:01,968 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY. 302 00:09:01,968 --> 00:09:03,434 AND MY QUESTION IS WHEN YOU SEE 303 00:09:03,434 --> 00:09:04,634 A COLOR HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT 304 00:09:04,634 --> 00:09:05,834 EVERYBODY ELSE SEES THE SAME 305 00:09:05,834 --> 00:09:08,667 COLOR? 306 00:09:08,667 --> 00:09:09,934 DR. ANTINK: SO COLOR PERCEPTION 307 00:09:09,934 --> 00:09:12,467 ACTUALLY IS A DIFFICULT SCIENCE. 308 00:09:12,467 --> 00:09:15,968 WHEN WE SEE A COLOR, WE LEARN 309 00:09:15,968 --> 00:09:18,968 THAT THE APPLE IS RED, AND THE 310 00:09:18,968 --> 00:09:21,067 WAVELENGTH THAT IS EMITTED FROM 311 00:09:21,067 --> 00:09:22,400 THE APPLE INTO OUR BRAIN 312 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:24,968 TRIGGERS A SPECIAL CELL IN THE 313 00:09:24,968 --> 00:09:27,667 EYEBALL, CALLED A "CONE CELL," 314 00:09:27,667 --> 00:09:29,234 THAT SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE 315 00:09:29,234 --> 00:09:30,834 BRAIN, AND WE INTERPRET THAT AS 316 00:09:30,834 --> 00:09:31,868 RED. 317 00:09:31,868 --> 00:09:33,067 NOW, SOMETIMES PEOPLE THINK THAT 318 00:09:33,067 --> 00:09:34,667 THEY SEE THE SAME COLOR AS OTHER 319 00:09:34,667 --> 00:09:36,267 PEOPLE, BUT THEY MAY BE 320 00:09:36,267 --> 00:09:37,467 COLORBLIND. 321 00:09:37,467 --> 00:09:38,901 AND SO THERE ARE SPECIAL TESTS 322 00:09:38,901 --> 00:09:40,601 WHERE YOU CAN DETERMINE THAT, TO 323 00:09:40,601 --> 00:09:42,501 DIAGNOSE THAT, BY COMPARING WHAT 324 00:09:42,501 --> 00:09:43,868 THE PATIENT SEES VERSUS WHAT THE 325 00:09:43,868 --> 00:09:46,567 DOCTOR OR EVERYONE ELSE SEES. 326 00:09:46,567 --> 00:09:47,801 BUT SO WE REALLY, ACTUALLY, 327 00:09:47,801 --> 00:09:49,067 DON'T KNOW UNTIL WE DO THOSE 328 00:09:49,067 --> 00:09:50,267 TESTS IF EVERYBODY ACTUALLY IS 329 00:09:50,267 --> 00:09:52,934 SEEING THE EXACT SAME COLOR. 330 00:09:52,934 --> 00:09:54,200 MASHA: HI, MY NAME IS MASHA. 331 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:55,701 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 332 00:09:55,701 --> 00:09:56,567 SCHOOL. 333 00:09:56,567 --> 00:09:57,634 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO KIDS 334 00:09:57,634 --> 00:09:59,968 LIKE SWEET THE BEST? 335 00:09:59,968 --> 00:10:01,167 DR. BISHOP: WELL, WE DO HAVE THE 336 00:10:01,167 --> 00:10:02,434 SWEET RECEPTORS ON OUR TONGUES, 337 00:10:02,434 --> 00:10:04,501 THE TASTEBUDS THAT TASTE SWEET. 338 00:10:04,501 --> 00:10:07,000 THERE ARE SOME WHO BELIEVE THAT 339 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:08,100 THERE ARE MORE SWEET TASTEBUDS 340 00:10:08,100 --> 00:10:09,434 WHEN WE'RE LITTLE AND THAT THOSE 341 00:10:09,434 --> 00:10:11,234 DISSIPATE WITH TIME OR THEY GO 342 00:10:11,234 --> 00:10:13,734 AWAY WITH TIME. 343 00:10:13,734 --> 00:10:14,734 AND THERE ARE ALSO THOSE WHO 344 00:10:14,734 --> 00:10:16,601 BELIEVE THAT SUGAR OR THAT 345 00:10:16,601 --> 00:10:19,534 FLAVOR CAN ACTUALLY STIMULATE 346 00:10:19,534 --> 00:10:21,567 OUR BRAIN AND GIVE US 347 00:10:21,567 --> 00:10:22,734 EXCITEMENT. 348 00:10:22,734 --> 00:10:23,734 AND WE ACTUALLY USE THAT IN 349 00:10:23,734 --> 00:10:25,534 SMALL INFANTS; WE USE SUGAR 350 00:10:25,534 --> 00:10:28,968 WATER TO HELP CALM THEM DOWN 351 00:10:28,968 --> 00:10:30,100 WHEN WE'RE DOING PROCEDURES WITH 352 00:10:30,100 --> 00:10:32,033 THEM. 353 00:10:32,033 --> 00:10:34,133 KAYLANI: HI, MY NAME IS KAYLANI. 354 00:10:34,133 --> 00:10:37,234 I GO TO JEFFERSON. 355 00:10:37,234 --> 00:10:38,334 WHY ARE OUR EARS SHAPED LIKE 356 00:10:38,334 --> 00:10:40,868 THIS? 357 00:10:40,868 --> 00:10:42,567 DR. ANTINK: EARS ARE SHAPED LIKE 358 00:10:42,567 --> 00:10:45,934 A CONE TO HELP ABSORB THE SOUND 359 00:10:45,934 --> 00:10:47,100 WAVES AND CHANNEL THEM DEEP INTO 360 00:10:47,100 --> 00:10:50,033 THE EAR TO THE EARDRUM WHERE, 361 00:10:50,033 --> 00:10:51,267 THEN, THEY ARE TRANSMITTED INTO 362 00:10:51,267 --> 00:10:52,467 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT GET SENT 363 00:10:52,467 --> 00:10:54,701 TO YOUR BRAIN. 364 00:10:54,701 --> 00:10:55,834 CARTAN-HANSEN: DR. ANTINK, WHY 365 00:10:55,834 --> 00:10:58,667 DID YOU WANT TO BECOME A DOCTOR? 366 00:10:58,667 --> 00:11:00,100 DR. ANTINK: SO I HAVE ALWAYS 367 00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:02,701 LOVED WORKING WITH KIDS, 368 00:11:02,701 --> 00:11:05,334 SPECIFICALLY, AND ALSO 369 00:11:05,334 --> 00:11:06,501 ADVOCATING FOR HEALTH AND TRYING 370 00:11:06,501 --> 00:11:08,334 TO KEEP PEOPLE HEALTHY. 371 00:11:08,334 --> 00:11:10,801 AND SO WHEN I WAS IN COLLEGE I 372 00:11:10,801 --> 00:11:11,801 THOUGHT THAT BEING A DOCTOR 373 00:11:11,801 --> 00:11:13,934 WOULD BE A GOOD FIT, SO I DID 374 00:11:13,934 --> 00:11:15,033 ALL THE PREREQUISITES AND WENT 375 00:11:15,033 --> 00:11:16,567 TO MEDICAL SCHOOL. 376 00:11:16,567 --> 00:11:17,467 AND FROM DAY ONE, I WANTED TO BE 377 00:11:17,467 --> 00:11:19,367 A PEDIATRICIAN. 378 00:11:19,367 --> 00:11:20,567 AND EVEN NOW, WORKING AT THIS 379 00:11:20,567 --> 00:11:22,267 JOB FOR 11 YEARS, I STILL LOVE 380 00:11:22,267 --> 00:11:25,868 IT EVERY SINGLE DAY. 381 00:11:25,868 --> 00:11:26,968 DR. BISHOP: SO I ACTUALLY 382 00:11:26,968 --> 00:11:28,534 DECIDED TO BECOME A DOCTOR 383 00:11:28,534 --> 00:11:29,934 DURING COLLEGE. 384 00:11:29,934 --> 00:11:30,968 I ACTUALLY WENT TO COLLEGE TO 385 00:11:30,968 --> 00:11:32,734 BECOME AN ENGINEER. 386 00:11:32,734 --> 00:11:34,701 I WAS VERY INTERESTED IN MATH. 387 00:11:34,701 --> 00:11:36,601 I REALLY DID LOVE THE SCIENCES. 388 00:11:36,601 --> 00:11:37,934 BUT DURING THAT TIME I ACTUALLY 389 00:11:37,934 --> 00:11:39,601 TOOK A TIME OFF OF COLLEGE, AND 390 00:11:39,601 --> 00:11:40,767 I WENT AND WORKED WENT TO BRAZIL 391 00:11:40,767 --> 00:11:43,033 AND SPENT SEVERAL YEARS IN 392 00:11:43,033 --> 00:11:44,601 BRAZIL. 393 00:11:44,601 --> 00:11:46,167 AND DURING THAT TIME I REALLY 394 00:11:46,167 --> 00:11:47,400 FOUND OUT THAT I ENJOYED WORKING 395 00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:48,868 WITH PEOPLE. 396 00:11:48,868 --> 00:11:50,000 AND SO WHEN I CAME BACK AND WENT 397 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:51,234 BACK TO COLLEGE I REALIZED I 398 00:11:51,234 --> 00:11:53,434 WANTED TO CHANGE MY FIELD. 399 00:11:53,434 --> 00:11:54,767 I NO LONGER WANTED TO BE AN 400 00:11:54,767 --> 00:11:56,000 ENGINEER, AND I WANTED TO WORK 401 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:57,200 WITH PEOPLE. 402 00:11:57,200 --> 00:11:58,634 AND I THOUGHT THE BEST FIT FOR 403 00:11:58,634 --> 00:12:00,167 ME WOULD BE TO BE A DOCTOR. 404 00:12:00,167 --> 00:12:03,734 (MUSIC) 405 00:12:05,701 --> 00:12:06,734 CARTAN-HANSEN: FEMALES HAVE A 406 00:12:06,734 --> 00:12:07,901 BETTER MORE SENSITIVE SENSE OF 407 00:12:07,901 --> 00:12:10,467 TASTE AND SMELL THAN DO MALES. 408 00:12:10,467 --> 00:12:12,267 MALES ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE 409 00:12:12,267 --> 00:12:13,300 COLORBLIND; THAT IS, NOT BEING 410 00:12:13,300 --> 00:12:14,801 ABLE TO SEE COLORS LIKE RED OR 411 00:12:14,801 --> 00:12:16,000 GREEN. 412 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:17,167 BUT FOR ALL HUMANS THE FIRST 413 00:12:17,167 --> 00:12:18,367 SENSE WE DEVELOP IS THE SENSE OF 414 00:12:18,367 --> 00:12:20,667 TOUCH. 415 00:12:21,501 --> 00:12:25,701 AUSTIN: HI, MY NAME IS AUSTIN. 416 00:12:25,701 --> 00:12:27,534 AND I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY 417 00:12:27,534 --> 00:12:28,634 SCHOOL. 418 00:12:28,634 --> 00:12:29,467 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DOES THE 419 00:12:29,467 --> 00:12:32,434 EYEBALL ACTUALLY WORK? 420 00:12:32,434 --> 00:12:33,968 DR. BISHOP: SO THE EYEBALL IT 421 00:12:33,968 --> 00:12:35,567 RECEIVES LIGHT. 422 00:12:35,567 --> 00:12:36,901 IF YOU NOTICE, THERE'S A SMALL 423 00:12:36,901 --> 00:12:38,734 BLACK DOT IN THE FRONT OF YOUR 424 00:12:38,734 --> 00:12:39,868 EYE, AND THAT'S A HOLE THAT 425 00:12:39,868 --> 00:12:41,100 ALLOWS LIGHT TO ENTER THROUGH 426 00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:42,667 YOUR EYE. 427 00:12:42,667 --> 00:12:44,100 BEHIND THAT IS A LENS, JUST LIKE 428 00:12:44,100 --> 00:12:45,334 THE LENS OF A CAMERA THAT, THEN, 429 00:12:45,334 --> 00:12:46,834 HELPS TO FOCUS THAT LIGHT ONTO 430 00:12:46,834 --> 00:12:48,434 THE BACK OF YOUR EYEBALL. 431 00:12:48,434 --> 00:12:50,367 AND ON THE BACK OF YOUR EYEBALL 432 00:12:50,367 --> 00:12:51,434 THERE ARE RECEPTORS CALLED 433 00:12:51,434 --> 00:12:52,634 "CONES" AND "RODS" WHICH HELP 434 00:12:52,634 --> 00:12:54,834 YOU PERCEIVE THE LIGHT AND 435 00:12:54,834 --> 00:12:56,934 WHICH, THEN, SENDS THOSE SIGNALS 436 00:12:56,934 --> 00:12:58,801 TO YOUR BRAIN TO HELP YOU SEE. 437 00:12:58,801 --> 00:13:00,901 GUS: MY NAME IS GUS, AND I GO TO 438 00:13:00,901 --> 00:13:02,000 JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 439 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,501 AND WHEN I WAS ASKING TO DO WAS 440 00:13:03,501 --> 00:13:05,567 HOW CAN YOU SMELL WHEN YOU'RE 441 00:13:05,567 --> 00:13:08,334 HOW CAN YOU SMELL SOMETHING 442 00:13:08,334 --> 00:13:12,501 WHILE YOUR NOSE IS CLOGGED UP? 443 00:13:12,501 --> 00:13:15,000 DR. ANTINK: SO YOUR NOSE HAS 444 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:16,033 RECEPTOR CELLS THAT SENSE A 445 00:13:16,033 --> 00:13:20,400 PARTICLE, THE SMELL OF A ROSE OR 446 00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:22,434 PARTICLES FROM FOOD AND THAT 447 00:13:22,434 --> 00:13:25,834 TRANSMIT THOSE SENSATIONS INTO 448 00:13:25,834 --> 00:13:27,234 YOUR BRAIN TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 449 00:13:27,234 --> 00:13:28,667 SMELL. 450 00:13:28,667 --> 00:13:29,968 WHEN YOUR NOSE IS CLOGGED UP 451 00:13:29,968 --> 00:13:31,033 SOMETIMES SOME OF THOSE CELLS 452 00:13:31,033 --> 00:13:32,267 GET COVERED, AND SO IT MAY BE 453 00:13:32,267 --> 00:13:33,367 DIFFICULT TO SMELL THINGS WHEN 454 00:13:33,367 --> 00:13:37,167 YOUR NOSE IS STUFFY. 455 00:13:37,167 --> 00:13:38,300 CARTAN-HANSEN: MASON WOULD LIKE 456 00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:40,000 TO KNOW: DO ANY OTHER ANIMALS 457 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:41,300 HAVE SIX SENSES BESIDES THE 458 00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:43,968 PLATYPUS? 459 00:13:43,968 --> 00:13:45,567 DR. BISHOP: SO THE PLATYPUS DOES 460 00:13:45,567 --> 00:13:47,100 HAVE A SIXTH SENSE; IT'S AN 461 00:13:47,100 --> 00:13:49,133 ELECTRORECEPTOR. 462 00:13:49,133 --> 00:13:50,667 THE SHARK ALSO HAS THAT SAME 463 00:13:50,667 --> 00:13:52,634 SENSE. 464 00:13:52,634 --> 00:13:54,133 SO THE SHARK ALSO HAS SIX 465 00:13:54,133 --> 00:13:56,000 SENSES. 466 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:57,167 THERE ARE OTHER ANIMALS, AS 467 00:13:57,167 --> 00:13:59,167 WELL, LIKE THE PORPOISE, OR THE 468 00:13:59,167 --> 00:14:00,901 BAT WHO HAVE AN ECHO RECEPTOR, 469 00:14:00,901 --> 00:14:01,968 WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO USE LIKE 470 00:14:01,968 --> 00:14:03,801 SONAR TO SENSE OBJECTS THAT ARE 471 00:14:03,801 --> 00:14:04,734 IN FRONT OF THEM. 472 00:14:04,734 --> 00:14:06,000 AND THERE ARE OTHER SENSES, AS 473 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:07,200 WELL, IN OTHER SPECIES OF 474 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:08,901 ANIMALS THAT THEY DO HAVE. 475 00:14:08,901 --> 00:14:10,167 AND SO THE PLATYPUS IS NOT THE 476 00:14:10,167 --> 00:14:12,767 ONLY ANIMAL THAT HAS SIX SENSES. 477 00:14:12,767 --> 00:14:14,601 STUDENT: HI, MY NAME IS LOGAN. 478 00:14:14,601 --> 00:14:16,133 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 479 00:14:16,133 --> 00:14:17,567 AND MY QUESTION IS ARE THERE 480 00:14:17,567 --> 00:14:20,133 REALLY AN ANVIL AND HAMMER BONE 481 00:14:20,133 --> 00:14:21,801 IN OUR EAR? 482 00:14:21,801 --> 00:14:22,734 DR. ANTINK: YES. 483 00:14:22,734 --> 00:14:24,000 THERE ARE THREE BONES IN THE 484 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:25,434 MIDDLE EAR THAT CONNECT THE 485 00:14:25,434 --> 00:14:27,100 EARDRUM TO THE COCHLEA, WHICH 486 00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:28,701 TRANSMITS SOUND WAVES INTO 487 00:14:28,701 --> 00:14:30,234 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO SEND TO 488 00:14:30,234 --> 00:14:31,701 YOUR BRAIN. 489 00:14:31,701 --> 00:14:33,133 THOSE THREE BONES ARE THE 490 00:14:33,133 --> 00:14:34,701 HAMMER, THE ANVIL, AND THE 491 00:14:34,701 --> 00:14:36,400 STIRRUP. 492 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:37,634 DR. BISHOP: AND LET ME ADD TO 493 00:14:37,634 --> 00:14:39,033 THAT. 494 00:14:39,033 --> 00:14:40,334 SO THE HAMMER, ANVIL, AND 495 00:14:40,334 --> 00:14:41,601 STIRRUP ARE JUST THE COMMON 496 00:14:41,601 --> 00:14:43,467 NAMES THAT WE USE HERE IN 497 00:14:43,467 --> 00:14:45,267 AMERICA. 498 00:14:45,267 --> 00:14:46,601 BUT THE LATIN TERMS FOR THOSE 499 00:14:46,601 --> 00:14:47,868 ARE MALLEUS, INCUS, AND STAPES. 500 00:14:47,868 --> 00:14:51,234 CAITLYN: HI, MY NAME IS CAITLYN. 501 00:14:51,234 --> 00:14:52,734 AND I GO TO WHITE PINE 502 00:14:52,734 --> 00:14:53,968 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 503 00:14:53,968 --> 00:14:55,234 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO OUR 504 00:14:55,234 --> 00:14:58,634 EYES SENSE PERIPHERAL VISION? 505 00:14:58,634 --> 00:15:00,100 DR. BISHOP: SO PERIPHERAL VISION 506 00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:01,567 IS THE VISION THAT YOU SEE ON 507 00:15:01,567 --> 00:15:03,567 THE SIDES, WHICH YOU CAN'T 508 00:15:03,567 --> 00:15:04,801 NECESSARILY FOCUS ON, BUT YOU DO 509 00:15:04,801 --> 00:15:06,667 NOTICE MOVEMENT THERE. 510 00:15:06,667 --> 00:15:07,968 AND IT'S A PERCEPTION OF LIGHT. 511 00:15:07,968 --> 00:15:09,200 AND THIS IS ACTUALLY DONE 512 00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:10,667 THROUGH YOUR RODS, WHICH ARE A 513 00:15:10,667 --> 00:15:13,434 SPECIFIC CELL WITHIN YOUR EYE. 514 00:15:13,434 --> 00:15:14,701 SO THE CONES OF YOUR EYE ARE IN 515 00:15:14,701 --> 00:15:16,400 THE CENTER PART, AND THAT'S WHAT 516 00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:17,968 SENSES THE COLOR. 517 00:15:17,968 --> 00:15:19,567 THE RODS ACTUALLY EXTEND FURTHER 518 00:15:19,567 --> 00:15:21,434 PAST THAT, AND THAT'S WHAT GIVES 519 00:15:21,434 --> 00:15:23,200 YOU YOUR VISION AT NIGHT AND 520 00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:25,033 ALSO GIVES YOU YOUR VISION TO 521 00:15:25,033 --> 00:15:26,767 SENSE MOVEMENT WITHIN YOUR 522 00:15:26,767 --> 00:15:29,334 PERIPHERY OF YOUR VISION. 523 00:15:29,334 --> 00:15:30,701 DR. ANTINK: YOU CAN TRY AT NIGHT 524 00:15:30,701 --> 00:15:32,067 TONIGHT LOOKING UP AT THE STARS. 525 00:15:32,067 --> 00:15:33,200 IF YOU TRY TO LOOK AT A STAR 526 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:35,534 USING YOUR PERIPHERAL VISION, 527 00:15:35,534 --> 00:15:36,601 YOU MIGHT ACTUALLY SEE IT 528 00:15:36,601 --> 00:15:37,868 BRIGHTER THAN IF YOU LOOK AT IT 529 00:15:37,868 --> 00:15:39,167 STRAIGHT ON. 530 00:15:39,167 --> 00:15:40,267 AND THAT'S BECAUSE THERE ARE 531 00:15:40,267 --> 00:15:41,434 MORE RODS ON THE SIDES OF YOUR 532 00:15:41,434 --> 00:15:42,734 EYE TO PERCEIVE THE LIGHT THAN 533 00:15:42,734 --> 00:15:43,901 THERE ARE IN THE MIDDLE WHEN YOU 534 00:15:43,901 --> 00:15:46,300 LOOK DIRECTLY AT SOMETHING. 535 00:15:46,300 --> 00:15:47,601 JACK: HI, MY NAME IS JACK. 536 00:15:47,601 --> 00:15:51,634 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 537 00:15:51,634 --> 00:15:52,801 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO WE 538 00:15:52,801 --> 00:15:56,234 HAVE HAIR IN OUR NOSE? 539 00:15:56,234 --> 00:15:57,434 DR. BISHOP: SO THE HAIR IN OUR 540 00:15:57,434 --> 00:15:58,734 NOSE PROVIDES A VERY SPECIFIC 541 00:15:58,734 --> 00:16:00,801 PURPOSE, BESIDES STICKING OUT OF 542 00:16:00,801 --> 00:16:02,100 YOUR NOSE LIKE YOUR GRANDPA'S 543 00:16:02,100 --> 00:16:03,767 HAIR DOES. 544 00:16:03,767 --> 00:16:05,834 IT'S THERE TO HELP COLLECT DUST, 545 00:16:05,834 --> 00:16:07,501 HELP COLLECT DIRT PARTICLES OR 546 00:16:07,501 --> 00:16:09,200 PARTICLES WITHIN THE AIR THAT 547 00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:13,100 COULD DAMAGE OUR LUNGS IF THEY 548 00:16:13,100 --> 00:16:14,367 WERE TO CONTINUE TO PASS THROUGH 549 00:16:14,367 --> 00:16:15,868 YOUR AIRWAY. 550 00:16:15,868 --> 00:16:17,467 AND SO THE NOSE HAS THESE SMALL 551 00:16:17,467 --> 00:16:18,934 HAIRS IN THERE THAT HELPS TO 552 00:16:18,934 --> 00:16:19,701 COLLECT THAT. 553 00:16:19,701 --> 00:16:21,000 AND THAT'S WHERE YOUR BOOGERS 554 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:22,634 ARE FORMED. 555 00:16:22,634 --> 00:16:23,868 AURORA: HI, MY NAME IS AURORA. 556 00:16:23,868 --> 00:16:25,234 AND I'M FROM JEFFERSON 557 00:16:25,234 --> 00:16:27,234 ELEMENTARY. 558 00:16:27,234 --> 00:16:28,300 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DOES YOUR 559 00:16:28,300 --> 00:16:32,133 EYES GET BLURRY? 560 00:16:32,133 --> 00:16:33,234 DR. BISHOP: SO NOT EVERYONE'S 561 00:16:33,234 --> 00:16:34,501 EYES GET BLURRY, BUT THAT IS 562 00:16:34,501 --> 00:16:36,734 SOMETHING THAT CAN OCCUR. 563 00:16:36,734 --> 00:16:38,467 SO WHAT HAPPENS IS WITHIN YOUR 564 00:16:38,467 --> 00:16:40,434 EYE, BEHIND YOUR IRIS, SO THE 565 00:16:40,434 --> 00:16:41,968 HOLE WITHIN YOUR EYE, THERE'S A 566 00:16:41,968 --> 00:16:42,868 LENS. 567 00:16:42,868 --> 00:16:43,968 AND SO DEPENDING ON HOW THAT 568 00:16:43,968 --> 00:16:45,334 LENS DEVELOPS, IT CAN CAUSE YOUR 569 00:16:45,334 --> 00:16:47,501 VISION TO GET BLURRY. 570 00:16:47,501 --> 00:16:49,033 SO IF IT GETS MISSHAPEN FROM 571 00:16:49,033 --> 00:16:50,601 WHAT IT USUALLY WAS, THAT CAN 572 00:16:50,601 --> 00:16:52,767 CHANGE YOUR VISION. 573 00:16:52,767 --> 00:16:54,167 THERE'S ALSO PEOPLE WHO GET 574 00:16:54,167 --> 00:16:55,734 SOMETHING THAT'S CALLED 575 00:16:55,734 --> 00:16:57,767 "GLAUCOMA," SO THEY ACTUALLY GET 576 00:16:57,767 --> 00:16:58,934 A DEPOSIT OF SOMETHING WITHIN 577 00:16:58,934 --> 00:17:00,767 THEIR LENS THAT CAUSES THEIR 578 00:17:00,767 --> 00:17:02,167 VISION TO BE BLURRY AND ALSO GET 579 00:17:02,167 --> 00:17:03,534 OBSCURED. 580 00:17:03,534 --> 00:17:04,701 AND SO THAT IS HOW OUR VISION 581 00:17:04,701 --> 00:17:06,100 GETS BLURRY IS THAT LENS CHANGES 582 00:17:06,100 --> 00:17:07,934 SHAPE AND CHANGES THE WAY IT 583 00:17:07,934 --> 00:17:09,901 REFLECTS THE LIGHT ON THE BACK 584 00:17:09,901 --> 00:17:11,834 OF OUR EYE. 585 00:17:11,834 --> 00:17:12,934 DR. ANTINK: NOW, SOMETIMES MY 586 00:17:12,934 --> 00:17:14,367 EYES GET BLURRY IF I KEEP THEM 587 00:17:14,367 --> 00:17:18,067 OPEN AND DON'T BLINK. 588 00:17:18,067 --> 00:17:19,300 AND IF THAT EVER HAPPENS TO YOU, 589 00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:20,901 I THINK THAT'S BECAUSE YOU HAVE 590 00:17:20,901 --> 00:17:22,601 FLUID THAT'S LUBRICATING YOUR 591 00:17:22,601 --> 00:17:24,367 EYE, AND EVERY TIME YOU BLINK, 592 00:17:24,367 --> 00:17:25,567 IT PUTS ANOTHER LAYER OF FLUID 593 00:17:25,567 --> 00:17:27,767 TO HELP LUBRICATE YOUR EYE. 594 00:17:27,767 --> 00:17:29,467 AND IF YOU TRY NOT TO BLINK FOR 595 00:17:29,467 --> 00:17:31,434 A LONG TIME, THEN YOUR EYE GETS 596 00:17:31,434 --> 00:17:32,667 KIND OF DRY, AND SOMETIMES THAT 597 00:17:32,667 --> 00:17:35,033 CAN MAKE MY VISION BLURRY. 598 00:17:35,033 --> 00:17:37,000 EDANA: HI, MY NAME IS EDANA. 599 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:38,167 I GO TO SAGLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 600 00:17:38,167 --> 00:17:40,434 AND MY QUESTION IS WHEN WE TOUCH 601 00:17:40,434 --> 00:17:41,601 SOMETHING, WE CAN FEEL THE 602 00:17:41,601 --> 00:17:43,033 TEXTURE. 603 00:17:43,033 --> 00:17:46,033 WHY CAN WE FEEL THE TEXTURE? 604 00:17:46,033 --> 00:17:47,367 DR. ANTINK: SO OUR SKIN CELLS 605 00:17:47,367 --> 00:17:49,534 HAVE RECEPTORS THAT SENSE WHEN 606 00:17:49,534 --> 00:17:52,834 WE TOUCH SOMETHING. 607 00:17:52,834 --> 00:17:54,033 AND THEY ARE VERY, VERY CLOSE 608 00:17:54,033 --> 00:17:55,534 TOGETHER. 609 00:17:55,534 --> 00:17:57,467 AND SO WHEN YOU FEEL SOMETHING 610 00:17:57,467 --> 00:17:58,934 THAT'S ROUGH VERSUS SMOOTH, YOU 611 00:17:58,934 --> 00:18:00,167 ARE STIMULATING MORE OF THE 612 00:18:00,167 --> 00:18:02,100 SEPARATE SKIN RECEPTORS THAN A 613 00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:03,200 CONTINUOUS FEELING FROM 614 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:05,033 SOMETHING SMOOTH. 615 00:18:05,033 --> 00:18:06,467 YOU CAN ALSO FEEL IF SOMETHING 616 00:18:06,467 --> 00:18:07,601 IS SHARP VERSUS SOFT BASED ON 617 00:18:07,601 --> 00:18:09,667 HOW MUCH PRESSURE IT EXERTS ON 618 00:18:09,667 --> 00:18:12,100 YOUR SKIN WHEN YOU TOUCH IT. 619 00:18:12,100 --> 00:18:13,434 AND SOME PARTS OF YOUR BODY HAVE 620 00:18:13,434 --> 00:18:15,868 MORE SENSITIVE RECEPTORS BECAUSE 621 00:18:15,868 --> 00:18:18,100 THERE'S MORE OF THEM IN A SMALL 622 00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:19,267 AREA THAN IN OTHER PARTS OF YOUR 623 00:18:19,267 --> 00:18:21,033 BODY. 624 00:18:21,467 --> 00:18:24,501 (MUSIC) 625 00:18:24,501 --> 00:18:25,534 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE BRAIN 626 00:18:25,534 --> 00:18:26,634 IS THE COMMAND CENTER OF YOUR 627 00:18:26,634 --> 00:18:27,868 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 628 00:18:27,868 --> 00:18:29,033 YOUR BRAIN HELPS FIGURE OUT WHAT 629 00:18:29,033 --> 00:18:30,200 YOUR FIVE SENSES ARE DETECTING. 630 00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:31,801 SO LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE 631 00:18:31,801 --> 00:18:34,634 ABOUT YOUR BRAIN. 632 00:18:34,634 --> 00:18:36,367 THE BRAIN WEIGHS ABOUT 3 POUNDS. 633 00:18:36,367 --> 00:18:37,801 IT'S MADE UP OF 100 BILLION 634 00:18:37,801 --> 00:18:40,400 NERVE CELLS OR NEURONS. 635 00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:41,667 ELECTRICAL IMPULSES PASS FROM 636 00:18:41,667 --> 00:18:43,634 CELL TO CELL. 637 00:18:43,634 --> 00:18:45,067 MESSAGES GO OUT OF YOUR BRAIN, 638 00:18:45,067 --> 00:18:46,234 DOWN YOUR SPINAL CORD, AND OUT 639 00:18:46,234 --> 00:18:47,400 TO YOUR BODY AND THEN BACK AGAIN 640 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:49,634 ALL IN AN INSTANT. 641 00:18:49,634 --> 00:18:50,968 THE BRAIN, THE SPINAL CORD, AND 642 00:18:50,968 --> 00:18:52,267 ALL THOSE NERVES MAKE UP THE 643 00:18:52,267 --> 00:18:54,033 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 644 00:18:54,033 --> 00:18:55,067 IT'S YOUR BODY'S INFORMATION 645 00:18:55,067 --> 00:18:56,734 SYSTEM. 646 00:18:57,534 --> 00:18:58,534 STUDENT: SCIENTISTS SAY THERE'S 647 00:18:58,534 --> 00:18:59,634 ENOUGH ELECTRICITY FROM ALL 648 00:18:59,634 --> 00:19:01,033 THOSE MESSAGES IN YOUR BRAIN AND 649 00:19:01,033 --> 00:19:02,901 BODY TO TURN ON A LIGHT IN A 650 00:19:02,901 --> 00:19:05,367 REFRIGERATOR. 651 00:19:07,767 --> 00:19:08,801 CARTAN-HANSEN: THE BRAIN IS MADE 652 00:19:08,801 --> 00:19:10,300 UP OF SEVERAL PARTS. 653 00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:11,334 THERE'S THE BRAIN STEM; IT 654 00:19:11,334 --> 00:19:12,634 CONTROLS YOUR BODY'S BASIC 655 00:19:12,634 --> 00:19:13,801 AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONS, LIKE 656 00:19:13,801 --> 00:19:15,167 BREATHING. 657 00:19:15,167 --> 00:19:16,467 THERE'S THE CEREBELLUM, WHICH 658 00:19:16,467 --> 00:19:17,534 CONTROLS THINGS LIKE MOVEMENT, 659 00:19:17,534 --> 00:19:18,601 YOUR PHYSICAL SKILLS. 660 00:19:18,601 --> 00:19:19,801 AND THEN THERE'S THE LIMBIC 661 00:19:19,801 --> 00:19:21,000 SYSTEM, THAT MAKES UP ABOUT 662 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:22,734 ONEFIFTH OF YOUR BRAIN. 663 00:19:22,734 --> 00:19:24,133 THERE ARE GLANDS, LIKE THE 664 00:19:24,133 --> 00:19:25,801 PITUITARY AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS; 665 00:19:25,801 --> 00:19:27,100 THEY WORK WITH THE BRAIN STEM TO 666 00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:28,300 CONTROL BODY TEMPERATURE, 667 00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:30,100 GROWTH, AND BLOOD PRESSURE. 668 00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:31,334 THEN THERE'S THE CEREBRUM; 669 00:19:31,334 --> 00:19:32,534 THAT'S THE THINKING, CREATIVE 670 00:19:32,534 --> 00:19:34,100 PART OF YOUR BRAIN. 671 00:19:34,100 --> 00:19:35,300 IT'S ALSO THE BIGGEST PART OF 672 00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:36,501 YOUR BRAIN. 673 00:19:36,501 --> 00:19:37,667 ALONG WITH ITS THIN COVERING, 674 00:19:37,667 --> 00:19:39,167 THE CORTEX, IT'S THE PART OF THE 675 00:19:39,167 --> 00:19:40,601 BRAIN THAT GOVERNS VOLUNTARY 676 00:19:40,601 --> 00:19:41,701 MOVEMENTS. 677 00:19:41,701 --> 00:19:42,901 IT'S WHERE YOU THINK, WHERE YOU 678 00:19:42,901 --> 00:19:44,300 PERCEIVE OR SENSE THINGS. 679 00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:45,467 AND BECAUSE OF YOUR CORTEX, YOU 680 00:19:45,467 --> 00:19:47,167 CAN UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER, 681 00:19:47,167 --> 00:19:49,167 COMMUNICATE AND CREATE. 682 00:19:49,167 --> 00:19:51,534 THE BRAIN HAS TWO SIDES. 683 00:19:51,534 --> 00:19:52,667 EACH CONTROLS THE OPPOSITE SIDE 684 00:19:52,667 --> 00:19:55,100 OF THE BODY. 685 00:19:55,100 --> 00:19:56,467 EACH SIDE ALSO CONTROLS CERTAIN 686 00:19:56,467 --> 00:19:58,167 SKILLS. 687 00:19:58,167 --> 00:19:59,300 THE RIGHT SIDE OF YOUR BRAIN 688 00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:00,767 CONTROLS MUSIC AND ART, THE 689 00:20:00,767 --> 00:20:02,033 CREATIVE STUFF. 690 00:20:02,033 --> 00:20:03,234 AND THE LEFT SIDE HANDLES 691 00:20:03,234 --> 00:20:04,234 NUMBERS AND WORDS AND 692 00:20:04,234 --> 00:20:05,801 PROBLEMSOLVING. 693 00:20:05,801 --> 00:20:06,701 AND THERE'S A BAND OF CELLS 694 00:20:06,701 --> 00:20:07,801 BETWEEN THE TWO PARTS OR 695 00:20:07,801 --> 00:20:08,901 HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN SO THAT 696 00:20:08,901 --> 00:20:10,167 THE LEFT SIDE KNOWS WHAT THE 697 00:20:10,167 --> 00:20:12,367 RIGHT SIDE IS DOING. 698 00:20:13,634 --> 00:20:14,467 STUDENT: THE HUMAN BRAIN IS SO 699 00:20:14,467 --> 00:20:15,567 SOFT THAT YOU COULD CUT IT WITH 700 00:20:15,567 --> 00:20:18,167 A BUTTER KNIFE. 701 00:20:18,167 --> 00:20:19,234 THAT'S WHY YOU SHOULD WEAR YOUR 702 00:20:19,234 --> 00:20:21,434 HELMET WHEN YOU RIDE YOUR BIKE. 703 00:20:21,434 --> 00:20:25,868 YOU NEED TO PROTECT YOUR BRAIN. 704 00:20:26,601 --> 00:20:27,601 CARTAN-HANSEN: YOUR BRAIN AND 705 00:20:27,601 --> 00:20:28,968 BODY ALSO PUT OUT CHEMICALS, 706 00:20:28,968 --> 00:20:30,200 CALLED "HORMONES" OR 707 00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:31,801 "NEUROTRANSMITTERS." 708 00:20:31,801 --> 00:20:32,901 HORMONES HELP REGULATE YOUR 709 00:20:32,901 --> 00:20:34,033 BODY'S GROWTH, HELP YOU MATURE, 710 00:20:34,033 --> 00:20:35,601 MAINTAIN YOUR DIGESTION, EVEN 711 00:20:35,601 --> 00:20:38,067 TELL YOU WHEN TO SLEEP. 712 00:20:38,067 --> 00:20:39,167 NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE CHEMICALS 713 00:20:39,167 --> 00:20:40,300 THAT SEND MESSAGES BETWEEN 714 00:20:40,300 --> 00:20:41,868 CELLS. 715 00:20:41,868 --> 00:20:43,200 SOME NEUROTRANSMITTERS TELL YOUR 716 00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:44,334 HEART TO BEAT OR YOUR LUNGS TO 717 00:20:44,334 --> 00:20:45,601 BREATHE, WHILE OTHERS HELP 718 00:20:45,601 --> 00:20:47,067 REGULATE YOUR MOOD, WHETHER 719 00:20:47,067 --> 00:20:49,000 YOU'RE HAPPY OR SAD. 720 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:50,734 THESE CHEMICALS PLAY A PART IN 721 00:20:50,734 --> 00:20:52,133 HOW YOU REMEMBER THINGS, WHY YOU 722 00:20:52,133 --> 00:20:54,868 DREAM, WHO YOU ARE, YOUR 723 00:20:54,868 --> 00:20:56,601 THOUGHTS AND YOUR FEELINGS. 724 00:20:56,601 --> 00:20:57,734 YOUR BREATHING AND YOUR GROWING 725 00:20:57,734 --> 00:20:59,234 ARE ALL CONTROLLED BY YOUR 726 00:20:59,234 --> 00:21:00,400 BRAIN. 727 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:01,501 AND YOUR BRAIN CONTINUES TO 728 00:21:01,501 --> 00:21:02,767 DEVELOP EVEN AFTER YOU'RE BORN 729 00:21:02,767 --> 00:21:04,167 AND CONTINUES TO GROW AND CHANGE 730 00:21:04,167 --> 00:21:06,400 EVEN AS AN ADULT. 731 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:07,868 YOUR BRAIN IS WHAT MAKES YOU, 732 00:21:07,868 --> 00:21:10,400 YOU. 733 00:21:11,167 --> 00:21:14,567 (MUSIC) 734 00:21:15,133 --> 00:21:16,567 REBECCA: HI, MY NAME IS REBECCA. 735 00:21:16,567 --> 00:21:17,634 AND I GO TO GALILEO STEM 736 00:21:17,634 --> 00:21:19,400 ACADEMY. 737 00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:20,767 MY QUESTION IS HOW DO NERVES 738 00:21:20,767 --> 00:21:25,000 CONNECT FEELING TO YOUR BRAIN? 739 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:26,133 DR. BISHOP: REBECCA, THE NERVES 740 00:21:26,133 --> 00:21:28,067 THAT WE HAVE IN OUR BODY, THEY 741 00:21:28,067 --> 00:21:29,567 DO SENSE MANY DIFFERENT THINGS. 742 00:21:29,567 --> 00:21:32,467 SO OUR SENSE OF TOUCH. 743 00:21:32,467 --> 00:21:34,367 WE ALSO HAVE SENSE OF VIBRATION 744 00:21:34,367 --> 00:21:36,701 AND SENSE OF HEAT OR COLD. 745 00:21:36,701 --> 00:21:37,701 AND ALL OF THESE NERVES ARE 746 00:21:37,701 --> 00:21:40,567 WITHIN OUR SKIN. 747 00:21:40,567 --> 00:21:42,033 AS THEY GET TRIGGERED, OR IF WE 748 00:21:42,033 --> 00:21:43,300 TOUCH SOMETHING THAT'S COLD, 749 00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:45,200 TOUCH SOMETHING THAT'S SHARP, OR 750 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,567 TOUCH ANYTHING, THOSE NERVES 751 00:21:47,567 --> 00:21:49,400 THEN SEND A SIGNAL, WHICH 752 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:50,901 TRAVELS UP THE NERVE INTO YOUR 753 00:21:50,901 --> 00:21:53,400 SPINAL CORD AND THEN UP INTO 754 00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:54,934 YOUR BRAIN. 755 00:21:54,934 --> 00:21:56,100 AND SO THE NERVE CELLS ARE VERY 756 00:21:56,100 --> 00:22:00,300 GOOD AT ALLOWING THAT TO TRAVEL. 757 00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:01,801 THE SPEED AT WHICH IT TRAVELS 758 00:22:01,801 --> 00:22:03,234 CAN BE UPWARDS OF 200 MILES PER 759 00:22:03,234 --> 00:22:05,167 HOUR AS IT TRAVELS FROM YOUR 760 00:22:05,167 --> 00:22:07,234 FINGER TO YOUR BRAIN. 761 00:22:07,234 --> 00:22:09,834 THAT'S WHY THERE'S NO LAG TIME 762 00:22:09,834 --> 00:22:11,133 FROM WHEN YOU TOUCH SOMETHING TO 763 00:22:11,133 --> 00:22:13,300 WHEN YOU ACTUALLY FEEL IT. 764 00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:14,434 JOSHUA: HI, MY NAME IS JOSHUA. 765 00:22:14,434 --> 00:22:16,501 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 766 00:22:16,501 --> 00:22:18,501 AND MY QUESTION IS WHY DO WE 767 00:22:18,501 --> 00:22:22,767 HAVE EYELASHES? 768 00:22:22,767 --> 00:22:23,901 DR. ANTINK: WE HAVE EYELASHES TO 769 00:22:23,901 --> 00:22:25,300 HELP PROTECT OUR EYE FROM DUST 770 00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:28,501 AND OTHER PARTICLES IN THE AIR. 771 00:22:28,501 --> 00:22:29,601 YOUR EYE GETS VERY IRRITATED IF 772 00:22:29,601 --> 00:22:31,601 SOMETHING GETS ONTO THE EYEBALL. 773 00:22:31,601 --> 00:22:33,200 AND SO THE EYELASHES HELP TO 774 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:35,100 PROTECT YOU FROM THAT. 775 00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:36,300 SAM: HI, MY NAME IS SAM. 776 00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:37,968 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY. 777 00:22:37,968 --> 00:22:39,033 WHY DO WE HAVE LITTLE BLACK DOTS 778 00:22:39,033 --> 00:22:41,501 IN OUR EYES? 779 00:22:41,501 --> 00:22:43,334 DR. BISHOP: SO THE BLACK DOT IN 780 00:22:43,334 --> 00:22:44,801 THE MIDDLE OF YOUR EYE, OR YOUR 781 00:22:44,801 --> 00:22:46,901 PUPIL, IS ACTUALLY A HOLE THAT 782 00:22:46,901 --> 00:22:48,200 ALLOWS LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH TO 783 00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:49,367 THE BACK OF YOUR EYE SO THAT YOU 784 00:22:49,367 --> 00:22:51,067 CAN ACTUALLY SEE. 785 00:22:51,067 --> 00:22:52,234 SOME PEOPLE MIGHT ACTUALLY HAVE 786 00:22:52,234 --> 00:22:53,734 FLECKS OF BLACK WITHIN THE IRIS, 787 00:22:53,734 --> 00:22:55,000 WHICH IS THE COLORED PART OF THE 788 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:56,801 EYE, WHICH ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTES 789 00:22:56,801 --> 00:22:58,868 TO THE COLOR OF THEIR EYES. 790 00:22:58,868 --> 00:23:00,701 BUT THE BLACK DOT IN THE MIDDLE 791 00:23:00,701 --> 00:23:01,901 IS ACTUALLY A HOLE AND ALLOWS 792 00:23:01,901 --> 00:23:05,200 THE LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH. 793 00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:06,534 EVAN: HI, MY NAME IS EVAN. 794 00:23:06,534 --> 00:23:07,667 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 795 00:23:07,667 --> 00:23:08,934 SCHOOL. 796 00:23:08,934 --> 00:23:09,968 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO WE 797 00:23:09,968 --> 00:23:12,734 DECIPHER DIFFERENT SMELLS? 798 00:23:12,734 --> 00:23:14,167 DR. ANTINK: EVAN, THAT IS A 799 00:23:14,167 --> 00:23:15,667 GREAT QUESTION. 800 00:23:15,667 --> 00:23:16,901 IN OUR NOSE WE HAVE LOTS OF 801 00:23:16,901 --> 00:23:18,033 RECEPTORS THAT SEND SIGNALS OF 802 00:23:18,033 --> 00:23:20,100 SMELL PARTICLES TO OUR BRAIN TO 803 00:23:20,100 --> 00:23:21,601 SENSE THE SMELL. 804 00:23:21,601 --> 00:23:23,000 AND BASED ON OUR EXPERIENCES 805 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,000 WHEN WE HAVE DIFFERENT SMELLS, 806 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:26,367 THAT HELPS US DETERMINE WHETHER 807 00:23:26,367 --> 00:23:28,200 WE SEE SOMETHING OR SMELL 808 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:29,501 SOMETHING AS PLEASURABLE OR 809 00:23:29,501 --> 00:23:31,300 UNPLEASURABLE. 810 00:23:31,300 --> 00:23:32,467 SOMETIMES CERTAIN SMELLS CAN 811 00:23:32,467 --> 00:23:35,501 EVOKE A MEMORY IN SOMEBODY OF A 812 00:23:35,501 --> 00:23:36,968 BAD THING, AND SO THEY CONSIDER 813 00:23:36,968 --> 00:23:38,701 THAT SMELL UNPLEASURABLE, WHILE 814 00:23:38,701 --> 00:23:40,133 THE SAME SMELL MIGHT EVOKE A 815 00:23:40,133 --> 00:23:41,901 PLEASURABLE MEMORY TO SOMEBODY 816 00:23:41,901 --> 00:23:43,000 ELSE, AND THAT WOULD BE 817 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:45,701 CONSIDERED A GOOD SMELL. 818 00:23:45,701 --> 00:23:47,133 SUMMIT: HI, MY NAME IS SUMMIT. 819 00:23:47,133 --> 00:23:48,367 I GO TO JEFFERSON ELEMENTARY 820 00:23:48,367 --> 00:23:50,501 SCHOOL. 821 00:23:50,501 --> 00:23:53,167 AND MY QUESTION IS HOW DO WE SEE 822 00:23:53,167 --> 00:23:56,801 COLOR? 823 00:23:56,801 --> 00:23:57,901 DR. BISHOP: SO OUR PERCEPTION OF 824 00:23:57,901 --> 00:23:59,901 COLOR OR HOW WE SEE COLOR IS 825 00:23:59,901 --> 00:24:01,300 CONTROLLED BY THE CONE CELLS, 826 00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:02,701 WHICH ARE IN THE BACK OF OUR 827 00:24:02,701 --> 00:24:03,734 EYE. 828 00:24:03,734 --> 00:24:05,000 SO THESE ARE SPECIFIC CELLS THAT 829 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,000 ARE ABLE TO PROCESS THE COLORS 830 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:08,868 THAT WE SEE, AND THEY THEN SEND 831 00:24:08,868 --> 00:24:10,567 THAT SIGNAL TO THE BRAIN AND 832 00:24:10,567 --> 00:24:12,000 ALLOW US TO SEE THE COLOR THAT 833 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:13,901 WE ARE SEEING BEFORE US. 834 00:24:14,868 --> 00:24:15,934 CARTAN-HANSEN: ERIC WOULD LIKE 835 00:24:15,934 --> 00:24:17,100 TO KNOW: HOW DO YOUR EARS PICK 836 00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:19,334 UP SOUND WAVES? 837 00:24:19,334 --> 00:24:20,934 DR. BISHOP: SO THE EARS HAVE A 838 00:24:20,934 --> 00:24:22,567 VERY SPECIFIC DESIGN TO THEM. 839 00:24:22,567 --> 00:24:24,267 IF YOU ACTUALLY LOOK AT YOUR 840 00:24:24,267 --> 00:24:25,601 EAR, IT HAS A CUPPING SHAPE, 841 00:24:25,601 --> 00:24:26,734 WHICH HELPS US COLLECT THAT 842 00:24:26,734 --> 00:24:28,067 SOUND WAVE AND THEN CARRY THAT 843 00:24:28,067 --> 00:24:29,434 IN THROUGH OUR EAR CANAL TO THE 844 00:24:29,434 --> 00:24:30,767 MIDDLE EAR. 845 00:24:30,767 --> 00:24:32,133 AND THAT'S WHERE THAT SOUND WAVE 846 00:24:32,133 --> 00:24:33,467 IS THEN TURNED INTO AN 847 00:24:33,467 --> 00:24:34,601 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL THAT THEN GOES 848 00:24:34,601 --> 00:24:37,434 OUR BRAIN. 849 00:24:37,434 --> 00:24:38,968 SAKSHAM: HI, MY NAME IS SAKSHAM. 850 00:24:38,968 --> 00:24:40,067 I GO TO WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY 851 00:24:40,067 --> 00:24:41,033 SCHOOL. 852 00:24:41,033 --> 00:24:42,133 AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT SENSE IS 853 00:24:42,133 --> 00:24:44,901 THE LEAST IMPORTANT AND WHY? 854 00:24:44,901 --> 00:24:46,133 DR. ANTINK: SO I THINK IT'S 855 00:24:46,133 --> 00:24:47,234 DEBATABLE AS TO WHICH SENSE IS 856 00:24:47,234 --> 00:24:48,767 THE LEAST IMPORTANT. 857 00:24:48,767 --> 00:24:49,868 TO SOMEBODY WHO IS BLIND, 858 00:24:49,868 --> 00:24:51,467 PROBABLY VISION IS SIGHT IS THE 859 00:24:51,467 --> 00:24:52,834 LEAST IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEIR 860 00:24:52,834 --> 00:24:54,434 EYES DON'T WORK. 861 00:24:54,434 --> 00:24:55,734 BUT FOR EVERY DIFFERENT PERSON, 862 00:24:55,734 --> 00:24:57,767 THEY MAY HAVE CERTAIN STRENGTHS 863 00:24:57,767 --> 00:24:59,367 IN WHICH SOME OF THEIR SENSES 864 00:24:59,367 --> 00:25:00,467 ARE MORE ACUTE OR STRONGER THAN 865 00:25:00,467 --> 00:25:01,701 OTHERS. 866 00:25:01,701 --> 00:25:03,033 SO I THINK THAT'S A VERY 867 00:25:03,033 --> 00:25:04,467 DIFFICULT QUESTION TO ANSWER. 868 00:25:04,467 --> 00:25:06,267 DR. BRAD, WHAT DO YOU THINK? 869 00:25:06,267 --> 00:25:07,868 DR. BISHOP: I BELIEVE IT IS VERY 870 00:25:07,868 --> 00:25:08,968 DEPENDENT ON THE PERSON. 871 00:25:08,968 --> 00:25:09,968 I KNOW, FOR MYSELF, I WOULD 872 00:25:09,968 --> 00:25:11,033 PROBABLY SAY TASTE IS THE LEAST 873 00:25:11,033 --> 00:25:12,033 IMPORTANT FOR ME. 874 00:25:12,033 --> 00:25:13,767 OR I WISH I DIDN'T HAVE TASTE 875 00:25:13,767 --> 00:25:14,834 BECAUSE THERE ARE CERTAIN FOODS 876 00:25:14,834 --> 00:25:15,934 THAT I DO NOT LIKE AND I DON'T 877 00:25:15,934 --> 00:25:17,234 WANT TO TASTE. 878 00:25:17,234 --> 00:25:18,400 AND THAT'S PROBABLY THE SAME FOR 879 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:19,267 MOST OF YOU, AS WELL. 880 00:25:19,267 --> 00:25:19,934 BUT THE FIVE SENSES ARE ALL VERY 881 00:25:19,934 --> 00:25:23,968 IMPORTANT IN ALLOWING US TO 882 00:25:23,968 --> 00:25:26,801 PROCESS OUR ENVIRONMENT AND TO, 883 00:25:26,801 --> 00:25:28,400 AS WE SAY, WITH TASTE, ALL THE 884 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:32,067 SENSES ARE KIND OF INVOLVED WITH 885 00:25:32,067 --> 00:25:32,901 THAT. 886 00:25:32,901 --> 00:25:34,133 JUST THE SENSATION OF TOUCH 887 00:25:34,133 --> 00:25:35,334 WITHIN OUR TONGUE, THE SENSATION 888 00:25:35,334 --> 00:25:36,467 OF SMELL WITHIN OUR NOSE. 889 00:25:36,467 --> 00:25:37,601 SO THERE'S ALL THE SENSES ARE 890 00:25:37,601 --> 00:25:41,267 VERY WORK VERY WELL TOGETHER, 891 00:25:41,267 --> 00:25:42,267 AND SO I FEEL THAT THEY ARE ALL 892 00:25:42,267 --> 00:25:44,434 VERY IMPORTANT. 893 00:25:44,434 --> 00:25:45,501 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF SOMEONE IS 894 00:25:45,501 --> 00:25:46,601 INTERESTED IN BECOMING A 895 00:25:46,601 --> 00:25:47,667 PEDIATRICIAN, WHAT SHOULD HE OR 896 00:25:47,667 --> 00:25:49,968 SHE STUDY IN SCHOOL? 897 00:25:49,968 --> 00:25:51,000 DR. ANTINK: TO BECOME A 898 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,100 PEDIATRICIAN, YOU NEED TO GO 899 00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:53,200 THROUGH COLLEGE AND DO 900 00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:54,467 PREREQUISITES FOR MEDICAL 901 00:25:54,467 --> 00:25:55,767 SCHOOL. 902 00:25:55,767 --> 00:25:57,000 THEN YOU GO THROUGH MEDICAL 903 00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:58,367 SCHOOL, WHICH IS TYPICALLY FOUR 904 00:25:58,367 --> 00:25:59,434 YEARS, AND DURING THAT TIME YOU 905 00:25:59,434 --> 00:26:00,634 GET TO PRACTICE DIFFERENT KINDS 906 00:26:00,634 --> 00:26:02,267 OF DOCTOR TYPES. 907 00:26:02,267 --> 00:26:03,467 AT THE END OF THAT YOU DECIDE 908 00:26:03,467 --> 00:26:04,601 WHAT KIND OF DOCTOR YOU WANT TO 909 00:26:04,601 --> 00:26:05,334 BE. 910 00:26:05,334 --> 00:26:06,434 AND IN MY CASE A PEDIATRICIAN. 911 00:26:06,434 --> 00:26:07,667 SO THEN YOU DO A SPECIFIC 912 00:26:07,667 --> 00:26:08,634 TRAINING PROGRAM JUST FOR 913 00:26:08,634 --> 00:26:09,667 PEDIATRICS, WHICH IS USUALLY 914 00:26:09,667 --> 00:26:11,934 ABOUT THREE YEARS. 915 00:26:11,934 --> 00:26:12,968 DR. BISHOP: SO IF YOU WOULD LIKE 916 00:26:12,968 --> 00:26:14,067 TO BECOME A PEDIATRICIAN, OR 917 00:26:14,067 --> 00:26:15,234 JUST A DOCTOR IN GENERAL, THERE 918 00:26:15,234 --> 00:26:17,167 IS A LOT OF SCHOOL THAT DOES 919 00:26:17,167 --> 00:26:18,767 TAKE PLACE. 920 00:26:18,767 --> 00:26:19,767 THINGS THAT YOU CAN DO NOW TO 921 00:26:19,767 --> 00:26:21,300 HELP PREPARE YOU FOR THAT, TO GO 922 00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:23,367 TO MEDICAL SCHOOL, IS BY 923 00:26:23,367 --> 00:26:25,801 STUDYING A LOT OF THE SCIENCES, 924 00:26:25,801 --> 00:26:27,868 SO BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 925 00:26:27,868 --> 00:26:30,133 PHYSICS ARE THINGS THAT YOU'LL 926 00:26:30,133 --> 00:26:32,133 HAVE TO TAKE. 927 00:26:32,133 --> 00:26:33,334 BUT ALSO, THEY ALSO WANT PEOPLE 928 00:26:33,334 --> 00:26:35,667 WHO THEY ENCOURAGE YOU TO DO A 929 00:26:35,667 --> 00:26:37,100 LOT OF SERVICE AND ALSO TO 930 00:26:37,100 --> 00:26:39,901 BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MEDICAL 931 00:26:39,901 --> 00:26:41,033 FIELD. 932 00:26:41,033 --> 00:26:41,934 THEY ENCOURAGE YOU TO ACTUALLY 933 00:26:41,934 --> 00:26:43,234 GO AND SHADOW PHYSICIANS, NOW, 934 00:26:43,234 --> 00:26:44,701 IN ORDER TO APPLY FOR MEDICAL 935 00:26:44,701 --> 00:26:46,400 SCHOOL. 936 00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:47,534 AND SO THAT'S SOME OF THE THINGS 937 00:26:47,534 --> 00:26:49,000 YOU WOULD NEED TO DO IN ORDER TO 938 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:50,167 GO TO MEDICAL SCHOOL TO THEN 939 00:26:50,167 --> 00:26:52,834 BECOME A PEDIATRICIAN. 940 00:26:52,834 --> 00:26:53,634 CARTAN-HANSEN: I'M SORRY, WE'VE 941 00:26:53,634 --> 00:26:54,834 RUN OUT OF TIME. 942 00:26:54,834 --> 00:26:55,968 MY THANKS TO DRS. 943 00:26:55,968 --> 00:26:57,067 ANTINK AND BISHOP FOR ANSWERING 944 00:26:57,067 --> 00:26:58,000 STUDENTS QUESTIONS TODAY. 945 00:26:58,000 --> 00:26:58,934 DR. ANTINK: THANKS, JOAN. 946 00:26:58,934 --> 00:26:59,834 THAT WAS FUN. 947 00:26:59,834 --> 00:27:00,734 DR. BISHOP: YEAH, WE LEARNED 948 00:27:00,734 --> 00:27:01,968 SOMETHING, TOO. 949 00:27:01,968 --> 00:27:02,934 CARTAN-HANSEN : MY THANKS, ALSO, 950 00:27:02,934 --> 00:27:03,968 TO THE FOLKS HERE AT SAINT 951 00:27:03,968 --> 00:27:05,167 ALPHONSUS FOR HOSTING US. 952 00:27:05,167 --> 00:27:06,234 NOW, YOU CAN LEARN LOTS MORE 953 00:27:06,234 --> 00:27:07,400 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES AND OTHER 954 00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:08,734 SCIENTIFIC TOPICS ON THE SCIENCE 955 00:27:08,734 --> 00:27:10,501 TREK WEBSITE. 956 00:27:10,501 --> 00:27:11,534 AND WE'LL ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS 957 00:27:11,534 --> 00:27:13,000 ABOUT THE FIVE SENSES ON SCIENCE 958 00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:15,801 TREK: THE WEB SHOW . 959 00:27:15,801 --> 00:27:17,033 YOU WANT TO SUBMIT A QUESTION 960 00:27:17,033 --> 00:27:17,667 FOR SCIENCE TREK , IT'S EASY, 961 00:27:17,667 --> 00:27:18,868 AND 962 00:27:18,868 --> 00:27:19,968 YOU AND YOUR CLASS CAN WIN 963 00:27:19,968 --> 00:27:21,267 PRIZES. 964 00:27:21,267 --> 00:27:22,467 YOU CAN SEND IT AS AN EMAIL OR 965 00:27:22,467 --> 00:27:23,701 AS A VIDEO QUESTION, RECORD IT 966 00:27:23,701 --> 00:27:24,801 ON YOUR WEBCAM OR CELL PHONE. 967 00:27:24,801 --> 00:27:26,100 AND IF YOU'RE AN EDUCATOR, WE'LL 968 00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:28,133 EVEN LEND YOU A CAMERA. 969 00:27:28,133 --> 00:27:29,367 OUR LAST PRIZE WINNER WAS PAIGE 970 00:27:29,367 --> 00:27:31,534 IN MRS. MANNING-FLOCK'S CLASS AT 971 00:27:31,534 --> 00:27:33,701 WHITE PINE ELEMENTARY. 972 00:27:33,701 --> 00:27:34,868 SO TO FIND OUT ALL ABOUT THE 973 00:27:34,868 --> 00:27:36,033 FIVE SENSES AND HOW TO SEND IN 974 00:27:36,033 --> 00:27:37,367 YOUR QUESTIONS AND HOW TO WIN, 975 00:27:37,367 --> 00:27:39,000 GO TO THE SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE. 976 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:40,934 AND EACH WEEK CHECK OUT MY BLOG 977 00:27:40,934 --> 00:27:42,200 FOR THE LATEST SCIENCE NEWS FOR 978 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:44,100 KIDS. 979 00:27:44,100 --> 00:27:45,033 YOU'LL FIND IT ALL AT 980 00:27:45,033 --> 00:27:48,067 IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK. 981 00:27:48,067 --> 00:27:49,367 THANKS FOR JOINING US. 982 00:27:49,367 --> 00:27:50,534 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME ON 983 00:27:50,534 --> 00:27:52,901 SCIENCE TREK . 984 00:27:52,901 --> 00:28:11,300 (MUSIC) 985 00:28:12,267 --> 00:28:13,300 NARRATOR: PRESENTATION OF 986 00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:14,901 SCIENCE TREK ON IDAHO PUBLIC 987 00:28:14,901 --> 00:28:16,267 TELEVISION IS MADE POSSIBLE 988 00:28:16,267 --> 00:28:17,634 THROUGH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF 989 00:28:17,634 --> 00:28:19,367 THE LAURA MOORE CUNNINGHAM 990 00:28:19,367 --> 00:28:20,567 FOUNDATION, COMMITTED TO 991 00:28:20,567 --> 00:28:21,868 FULFILLING THE MOORE AND BETTIS 992 00:28:21,868 --> 00:28:23,300 FAMILIES LEGACY OF BUILDING THE 993 00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:26,033 GREAT STATE OF IDAHO. 994 00:28:26,033 --> 00:28:27,267 BY THE FRIENDS OF IDAHO PUBLIC 995 00:28:27,267 --> 00:28:28,834 TELEVISION AND BY THE 996 00:28:28,834 --> 00:28:30,067 CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC 997 00:28:30,067 --> 00:28:31,801 BROADCASTING. 998 00:28:34,334 --> 00:28:35,434 CARTAN-HANSEN: IF YOU WANT TO 999 00:28:35,434 --> 00:28:36,767 LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC OR 1000 00:28:36,767 --> 00:28:38,133 WATCH OUR VIDEOS, CHECK OUT THE 1001 00:28:38,133 --> 00:28:39,334 SCIENCE TREK WEBSITE AT 1002 00:28:39,334 --> 00:28:43,601 IDAHOPTV.ORG/SCIENCETREK.